S3 SANITARY PIPE WORK ASSIGNMENT

CONTENT

No. Title Page

1. Appreciation 3

2. Introduction 4

3. Definition terms 5

4. 1. Explain why inspection and testing the soundness and

performance of sanitary pipe work under ground.6

5. 2. State the statutory and recommended soundness and

performance requirements for sanitary pipe work, including

connected sanitary appliances.7 - 8

6. 3. Describe the air test n use of smoke to locate leaks in the pipe

work in sanitary pipe work systems. 9 – 13

7. 4. Describe the hydraulic test for appliances and sanitary pipe

work. 14 – 16

8. 5. Describe methods of simulating peak flow and pipe work. 17

9. 6. State inspection and testing procedures for various systems of

sanitary pipe work. 18 - 24

10. Conclusion 25

11. Reference 26

1 | s a n i t a r y p i p e w o r k

CONTENT OF FIGURE

No

.

Title Page

1. Figure 1.0 Air Test 7

2. Figure 2.0 Shows the method of carrying out an air test. 10

3. Figure 2.1 Shows the method of carrying out a smoke test. 11

4. Figure 2.2 Show the smoke machine during a test. 11

5. Figure 2.3 The drain is plugged or stopped by either an expanding

drain plug 12

6. Figure 2.4 Show the drain an inflatable bag 12

7. Figure 2. 5 Shows the method the carry out the water test using a

rubber tube connected to a testing vessel. 15

8. Figure 4.0 Shows a method of testing the water using a rubber tube

connected to the former test. 19

9. Figure 4.1 Shows a method of testing the wind. 20

10. Figure 4.2 Smoke tests on the drain 21

11. Figure 4.3 Smoke machine used during the test 22

12. Figure 4.4 Rubber drainage retaining expand 22

13. Figure 4.5 Retaining the drainage bag expands 23

14. Figure 4.6 Tests to determine the straightness and obstruction 24


APPRECIATION

Assalamualaikum…

Praise is presented only for ALLAH Almighty Disposer of all things. Peace and

blessings be upon beloved Prophet Muhammad leaflets bearing the revelation to

illuminate be universe, the companions, his family, all the scholars and lovers of Islam

throughout the world.

Thank to God that, we can complete the assignment on the sanitary pipe work to

be handed over to Mr. Huzaime b. Abdul Hadi very well. By making this assignment we

can add my knowledge about of the sanitary pipe work. With this we can add my

knowledge and understanding about it.

Our assignment was explain a bit about the soundness and performance testing

of sanitary pipe work above ground.

Finally, we thank the lecturers who taught me, Mr. Huzaime b. Abdul Hadi has

been providing guidance and information on how to produce this work. Thank also to

friends who also give lessons and share ideas and information.


INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLES OF DRAINAGE BELOW GROUND

An effective drainage system is required to drain the dirty material from a surface

water drainage building.If not strong and leak, the water that comes out of it may affect

the health of this public.Condition will cause erosion of land under the building site

resulting in a building that settles.

Drainage must meet the requirements of economic technical.Factor often

influence the flow system and the planning of a public sewer system building.If found in

the vicinity of, a more economical way to handle waste is by passing the materials into

the sewer route public.If public sewer line is within 30m of a construction site, local

authorities may determine that the building drainage system must be connected to

public sewer.

Sanitary pipe work is a system of pipes installed to permit the transfer of waste

water and sewage from building to foul drain. Also it provides a means of ventilation for

the drain so that there can be no build up unpleasant odors or methane gas within the

system which might accidentally permeate into the building. For efficient working of

disposal installation pipe work system, a number of design criteria should be fulfilled.

In the following section we will look at some of the terms related to sanitary pipe

work.


DEFINITION OF TERMS

Soil Waste

- This is discharged from water closets, urinals, slop sinks, and similar appliances.

Soil Pipe

- This pipe conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures with similar function,

with or without the discharges from other fixtures.


1. Explain why inspection and testing the soundness and

performance of sanitary pipe work under ground.

After the drain has been laid and before backfilling,or placing concrete,or

granular material round the pipes,it should be tested by either water or air,If any leak

occurs,the defective pipe or joint should be rectified and the drain again tested.

Wherever possible,testing should be carried out between the manholes and short

branch drains tested along with the main drainage system.Long branch drains and

monholes should be separately. The test before backfilling should be carried out as

soon as is practicable and the pipe should be strutted,to prevent any movement of the

drain during the test. A temporary bend and stand pipe should be fitted at the head of

the drain and a stopper fitted at the lower end. Alternatively,the test may be applied by

means of a rubber tube connected to a vessel and the drain stopper.


2. State the statutory and recommended soundness and performance

requirements for sanitary pipe work, including connected sanitary

appliances.

Soundness Testing of Discharge System

Plug all open ends with Drain Plugs

Fill all traps with water

Attach water gauge manometer and pump up to 38mm

Figure 1.0 Air Test

Leave to stand for 3 minute

No drop is permitted

If there is a drop - check all joints with Leak Detection Spray

The Water Test is carried out on sanitary appliances is up to flood level of lowest

appliance


http://www.upperplumbers.co.uk/images/Text/Sanitary/Upperplumbers_air_test.jpg

Performance Testing of Discharge System

Check that trap seals are retained after use

Test for self siphonage or induced siphonage

Fill all appliances to level of overflow and then remove plugs

Test depth of trap seal with dipstick (painted matt black)

Trap seal remaining MUST be at least 25mm

Effective Trap Seal Depth - from the soffit to the invert of the trap outlet

Testing for Tap Siphonage

Self Siphonage - discharge pipe is too small

Induced Siphonage - suck water out of the second trap

Momentum - trap seal as water is carried away by water flowing at high speed


3. Describe the air test n use of smoke to locate leaks in the pipe

work in sanitary pipe work systems.

AIR TEST

The length of drain to be tested should be plugged and air pumped into the pipe

until a pressure of slightly more than 100 mm water gauge is obtained. Where gullies

and / or ground - floor appliances are connected the test pressure should be slightly

more than 50 mm water gauge. A change in air temperature will affect the test pressure

and therefore 5 minutes should be allowed for pressure stabilization. The air pressure

should be adjusted to 100 mm water gauge as necessary. Without further pumping, the

head of water during a period of 5 minutes should not fall more than 25 mm and 12 mm

for a 100 mm and 50 mm water gauge test pressures respectively.

Figure 2.0 shows the method of carrying out an air test. The test is carried out by

fixing a stopper, sealed with a cap, at one end of the drain and pumping in air at the

other end until the U gauge shows the required head of water.


FIGURE 2.0 Shows the method of carrying out an air test.

SMOKE TEST

The use of smoke cartridges for this test is not to be recommended, due to the

possibility of the build up of high pressure inside the drain. The test by use of a smoke

machine is usually applied to existing drains with the purpose of locating a leak. In order

to ensure that the drain is filled with smoke, a rubber tube should be passed through the

water seal of gully traps, so that air contained inside the drain may escape. Figure2.1

shows the method of carrying out a smoke test. The test is carried out by placing a

stopper, sealed with a cap, at one end of the drain and pumping in smoke at the other.


FIGURE 2.1 Shows the method of carrying out a smoke test.

The dome rises with the action of the bellows and if the drain is sound is

maintained in this elevated position. Figure 2.2 show the smoke machine during a test.

FIGURE 2.2 Show the smoke machine during a test.


Types of Stoppers

The drain is plugged or stopped by either an expanding drain plug (Shown in

Figure 2.3) or by an inflatable bag ( Shown in Figure. 2.4 )

FIGURE 2.3 The drain is plugged or stopped by either an expanding drain plug

FIGURE 2.4 Show the drain an inflatable bag


Test for Straightness and Obstruction

This can be carried out by placing an electric torch at one end of the drain and

looking through a mirror at the other end of the drain. Any fault in alignment or

obstruction will be seen through the mirror.

Testing Manholes

A bag stopper should be fitted in the outlet of manhole and bag stoppers or

expanding plugs fitted at all other connections. The manhole should be filled with clean

water and allowed to stand for 8 hours for a absorption, topping up the water level as

necessary. The criterion for acceptance should be , that no appreciable flow of water

should pass through the manhole during a further 30 minutes.


4. Describe the hydraulic test for appliances and sanitary pipe work.

Building Regulation and Code of Practice Tests.

The Building Regulations 1992 ang the Code of Practice B.S 8301, Building

Drainage 1985 give the following procedures for carrying out test on gravity drains and

private sewers up to 300 mm in diameter.

WATER TEST

1. The drain should be filled with water to give a test pressure equal to 1.5 m head

of water above the soffit of the drain at the high end but not more than 4 m head

of water above the soffit for the drain at the low end. Steeply graded drains

should be tested in stages so that the head of water at the lower end does not

exceed 4 m. This is to prevent damage to the drain and if may be necessary to

test a drain in several sections.

2. The pipeline should be allowed to stand for 2 hours for absorption and topped up

with water as necessary. After 2 hours the loss of water from the pipeline should

be measured by noting the quantity of water needed to maintain the test head for

30 minutes. The rate of water loss should not exceed 1 litre/hour per metre

diameter, per metre run of pipe. For various pipe diameters the rate of loss per

metre run during the 30 minute period is 0.05 litre for 100 mm pipe; 0.8 litre for

150 mm pipe; 0.12 litre for 225 mm pipe and 0.15 litre for 300 mm pipe. Figure

3.0 shows the method the carry out the water test using a rubber tube connected

to a testing vessel.


Figure 3.0 Shows the method the carry out the water test using a rubber tube

connected to a testing vessel.

Alternatively, the test may be carry out by means of a temporary bend and stand-

pipe connected to the head of the drain. The fall of water in the vessel or stand-pipe

may be due to one or more of the following causes:

a) Absorption by Pipe or Joints

The initial absorption may be of the order of 5 per cent of the total weight of the

pipeline.

b) Trapped Air

This usually occurs at the joints and the amount will vary with the type of joint,

diameter of pipes and joints and the gradient. Eventually the air is absorbed by the

water, but this can take some time.


c) Sweating of Pipe and Joints

Occasionally pipes and joints under water pressure may sweat slightly, but this

should not be considered a cause for rejection of the pipeline.

d) Leakage from Defective Pipes or Joints

The defective pipe or joint should be taken out and replaced and the pipeline re-

tested.

e) Leakage from Stoppers

These should be tightened, but if the leakage continues a new plug should be

inserted. Sometimes a leakage can occur on the threaded portion of the plug. All

equipment used for testing should be thoroughly checked before being used and the

rubber surfaces of plugs should be free from grit.

FINAL WATER TEST

There is a risk that the drain of private sewer can be damage during backfilling or

surrounding the pipeline with concrete. The final test therefore should be carried out

after the backfilling or concreting has been completed.


5. Describe methods of simulating peak flow and pipe work.

Flow in the pipe nowadays is very important as a medium to move a fluid from

one destination to another. Generally it used at indushial plant, to supply a water at

homea nde tc. Visualizationa nd Simulationo f Fluid Flows in a Piping Systemi s an

application system developed to solve and also overcome problems in fluid motion

field. The problem that existedi s the diffrculties to determinea n appearanceo f fluid

motion. Analytical and mathematical approach alone does not solve the problems

thosee xist. Therefore,t he new approachess ucha s visualizationa nd simulationa s a

support for the solution has helped to solve the problem. This study only focus on

laminar flow and specific on liquid which are water and used only single straighten

piping system made of from PI/C.


6. State inspection and testing procedures for various systems of

sanitary pipe work.

Water Test

1. Drainage should be connected to the water supply to be equal to the test

pressure of 1.5 m column of water above the soffit of the drainage at the highest

end, but not more than 4 m column of water above the soffit of the drainage at

the lowest end.

2. Very steep drainage should be tested in stages so that the water column at the

lowest end will not be covers many 4 m. aims to prevent damage to drainage and

tests should be done for a number of sections.

3. Pipe line must be left for 2 hours to allow the absorption and addition of water.

4. After 2 hours, loss of water from the pipeline must be measured by observing the

volume of water to be added to keep the test columns for 30 minutes.

5. Water loss rate must not exceed 1 liter / hr per meter diameter, per meter length

of pipe.

6. For pipes of variable diameter, the loss per meter length of pipe for 30 minutes is

0.05 liters to 100 mm diameter pipe, 12:08 liters to 150 mm diameter pipe, 12:12

liters to 225 mm diameter pipe and 0.15 liters for 300 diameter pipe mm.

7. Alternatively, the test can be done using a temporary bend and vertical pipe

connected to the column drainage.


8. In addition, the drainage must be supported to prevent movement of the drain

when it rains. decrease in water level in the container or vertical pipe during the

test due to the diffusion of pipes and connections, leaking pipes or connections

for damage, leakage at the conclusion of the test and the trapped air.

9. Some pipes absorbs more water or air traps more content than the rest of the

jacks. therefore, water should be added to maintain the test head test within 30

minutes.

Figure 4.0 Shows a method of testing the water using a rubber tube connected to the

former test.


Wind Test

1. Long drainage to be tested must be plugged and air pumped into the pipe until

the pressure is slightly higher than the 100 mm water gauge.

2. When gegeluk and ground equipment is connected, the test pressure must be

slightly higher than the 50 mm water gauge.

3. Changes in air temperature can affect the test pressure. Therefore, the pressure

must be kept stable in the last 5 minutes.

4. Air pressure should be adjusted to 100 mm or 50 mm water gauge, according as

may be required.

5. Without further pumping, the water column within 5 minutes should not be

dropped more than 25 mm for the test pressure of 100 mm and 12 mm water

gauge to test pressure of 50 mm water gauge.

6. Test was done by fitting a retainer, sealed with a lid, at one end of the drain and

the air is pumped in through the other end until the gauge-U indicates the desired

value of the water column.

Figure 4.1 Shows a method of testing the wind.


Smoke Test

1. Drainage should be plugged and connected to the smoke machine on the bottom

retainer.

2. Test was conducted by pumping smoke into the drain with a smoke machine to

vault up to the required height.

3. During the test was performed, the dome should be at steady state and drainage

to be examined to detect any leakage of smoke.

Figure 4.2 Smoke tests on the drain


Figure 4.3 Smoke machine used during the test

Figure 4.4 Rubber drainage retaining expand


Figure 4.5 Retaining the drainage bag expands


Straightness and resistance test

1. This test is maintained by placing a mirror at one end of the drainage and lighting

and the other end.

2. Light is seen through a mirror can show whether the drainage is straight or pu,

respectively.

Figure 4.6 Tests to determine the straightness and obstruction


CONCLUSION

Drainage must meet the requirements of economic technical.Factor often

influence the flow system and the planning of a public sewer system building.If found in

the vicinity of, a more economical way to handle waste is by passing the materials into

the sewer route public. Wherever possible,testing should be carried out between the

manholes and short branch drains tested along with the main drainage system.Long

branch drains and monholes should be separately. A temporary bend and stand pipe

should be fitted at the head of the drain and a stopper fitted at the lower end.

The air test use of smoke to located leaks in the pipe work in sanitary pipe work

systems air test The length of drain to be tested should be plugged and air pumped into

the pipe until a pressure of slightly more than 100 mm water gauge is obtained. Test for

Straightness and Obstruction This can be carried out by placing an electric torch at one

end of the drain and looking through a mirror at the other end of the drain.


REFERENCES

BUILDING SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT

THIRD EDITION FREDERICK HALL

F.HALL EDISI KEDUA KERJA PAIP : PEMBEKALAN AIR

SEJUK,SALIRAN DAN PEMBERSIHAN,Penerbit Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia Skudai Johor Darul Takzim 1999


Education

S3 SANITARY PIPE WORK ASSIGNMENT