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Runway Incursion Avoidance
“Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway.”
Definition
Concentration of aircraft, vehicles, and runways;
Navigating among these obstacles while adhering to ATC clearance limits.
Challenges on the Ground
● The flight crewmembers’ failure to use available cues and aids to identify the airplane’s location;
● Failure [of the crew] to cross-check and verify that the airplane was on the correct runway before takeoff;
● Flight crew’s nonpertinent conversation during taxi, which resulted in a loss of positional awareness.
Comair flight 519127 August 2006
How to prevent runway incursions:
● Understand Airport Markings and Signs;● Have an airport diagram;● Review NOTAMs and brief taxi accordingly;● Apply sterile cockpit procedures;● Maintain SA;● Positively identify runway;● If unsure of position or instructions, ask!
Airport Signs and Markings
Markings Color
Markings Color
Runway Holding Position Marking
The most important markings at an airport!
Can be encountered at 3 locations...
1. On a taxiway before a runway
2. On a runway before a runway (LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway located in a runway approach area
1. On a taxiway before a runway
2. On a runway before a runway (LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway located in a runway approach area
1. On a taxiway before a runway
2. On a runway before a runway (LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway located in a runway approach area
1. On a taxiway before a runway
Clearance required!
Check runway and approach paths are clear.
2. On a runway before a runway (LAHSO)Cross without
authorization
...unless:
“Cleared to land Runway 27R, hold short of Runway 12”
3. On a taxiway located in a runway approach area
Clearance NOT required, unless:
Check approach area is clear.
“Hold short of runway XX approach area”.
Enhanced Taxiway Centerline
At some airports
Not at every hold short lines
Pay attention!
Movement Area Boundary Markings
Separates non-movement area and movement area● Dashed line on movement side (under ATC control)● Solid line on non-movement side
Non-Movement Area Free to move without clearance
Movement Area Clearance Required!
Taxiway/Taxiway Holding Position Marking
● Where ATC normally holds aircraft short of a taxiway
“Hold short of taxiway Delta”
Hold Short if visibility is low. Ask if in doubt!
Holding Position Marking for ILS
Mandatory Instructions Signs1. Entrance to a runway or critical area2. Area where aircraft is prohibited from entering
Location SignsIdentify the taxiway or runway on which the aircraft is located
Mitigating the Risks - Preflight
Have a current airport Diagram;Check the NOTAMs;Study the chart before the flight.
... RWY 17/35 CLSD EXC XNG...
... RWY 9L/27R CLSD EXC CROSSING...
NOTAMS
... RWY 17/35 CLSD EXC XNG...
... RWY 9L/27R CLSD EXC CROSSING...
NOTAMS
Departure and Arrival
Write down taxi instructions;Repeat them in the same
order.
Mitigating the Risks
“Hold Short” instructions must be read back VERBATIM
Ensure clearance receivedis adhered to.
Mitigating the Risks
Departure
Arrival 27L
Arrival 27L
Arrival 27R
HotspotsLocation with a history or potential
risk of:➢ Collision➢ Runway Incursion
Heightened attention by pilots and drivers required!
Maintain Situational Awareness:Head up, Eyes Out;Listen to frequency;
Adhere to sterile cockpit rules.
Mitigating the Risks
Head-down Activities?
STOP!
Positively Identify Runway
Mitigating the Risks
If unsure of position, STOP!Ask ATC
Aircraft Lights
ASDE-X (note the Mode C requirement)
Uncontrolled Airports
● LOOKOUT!!!● CTAF● Pilot controlled lighting● Runway in use● AC 90-42F, page 4
1. Airport lighting and the lights of the aircraft.
2. Taxiways: blue edge lightingsome have green centerline lights.
3. Stop-bars: Red means stop - just like a car at traffic lights.
4. The landing light on the aircraft.
Night Operations
LAHSO
At designated airports (A/FD);
You can refuse the clearance;
Solo student pilots MUST refuse LAHSO clearance!;
● Taxi slowly;
● Exercise extreme caution!;
● Stop if in doubt about your position;
● Hold short of ILS critical areas.
Low Visibility Operations
Hold Short if LVP in effect. Ask if in doubt!
Low Visibility Operations
Conclusion
Taxi Operations present distinct challenges:Concentration of aircraft, vehicles and runways and
taxiways;
Navigate among obstacles while adhering to ATC clearance limits;
Runway/taxiway closures.
Conclusion
Have an airport diagram!Brief!Know your position!Write down taxi clearance and read it back to ATC!Head down activities only when aircraft is stopped
This was caused by two B747 aircraft colliding on a runway in fog.
Planning begins before we get in the aircraft:
→ Taxi Diagram→ NOTAMS
Ways we can help ourselves:
⇒Maintain sterile cockpit and minimise workload
⇒Listen to the radio - situational awareness
One of the most important markings at an airport!
Runway Holding Position Markings and Signs
Signage
Airport Signs
“Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.”
Definition
At controlled airport, clearance required to cross from the side with the 2 solid lines.
Runway Holding Position Marking
At uncontrolled airport, make sure the runway is clear before entering.
You will also have paid close attention to the radio!
Runway Holding Position Marking
Land and Hold Short Operations
1. Not compulsory2. If we accept we must follow3. Airports that operate this are
listed in the AFD
LAHSO
Hot SpotsAreas on the ground at airports that have a history of runway incursions or have been identified by the FAA has having the potential for runway incursions.
Taxiway Holding Position Markings
● Hold short of this line if instructed to “Hold short of taxiway X”
● Not present at all airports
We do not cross a stop bar that is switched on - clearance or no clearance!!!
We must contact ATC and query why the bar is still switched on.
Stop Bar Lighting
Challenges of Ground Operations
