IslamThe Rise, Spread and Impact of Islam

Islam Map LabelCities•Mecca•Medina•Damascus•Baghdad – p.27•Cordoba•Delhi – p.29

•Arabian Peninsula•Red Sea•Mediterranean Sea•Black Sea•Spain•Africa•Europe•Asia

Make Key from p.26-27, 25

Muslim lands – 900 (p.26-27) Muslim lands – 1400 (p.25)

Battle of Tours – 732p. 30

Critical Intro:

Describe the relationship between Islam and the other monotheistic faiths of Judaism and Christianity

Critical Intro:

What was the most significant reason for the early and rapid spread of Islam?

Critical Intro:

On which landmass and in which broader region did Islam emerge?

I. Origins of IslamA. Arabia before Muhammad

1. Arabian Peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin tribes

2. Small communities developed around oases3. City of Mecca was marketplace and pilgrimage site.4. Mecca shrine (Kaaba) held hundreds of tribal idols.

B. Founder of Islam1. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 A.D.2. Around age 40, Muhammad claimed to have heard voice

of the angel Gabriel.3. Gabriel was delivering the word of god through

Muhammad.4. Muhammad began sharing these new beliefs =

MonotheismC. The Hijrah

1. Leaders of Mecca feared Muhammad's growing power2. Muhammad & followers escaped to town of Medina3. This journey is the Hijrah – marks the beginning of Islam

II. Spread of IslamA. Muhammad raised an army of followers and returned to capture Mecca.

1. Tribal idols were destroyed; Kaaba rededicated to Allah.2. Mecca was center of 1st Muslim empire

B. Islam eventually spreads through conquest to southwest Asia, North Africa and southern Spain.

1. Expansion made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian Empires.

Spread and Geographic Influence of IslamSpread of Islam-Across Asia & Africa and into Spain-Primarily by military conquests-First Muslim empire = Indus Valley to Spain

Geographic Influence on the Origin and spread of Islam-Islam spread along trade routes from Mecca & Medina-Expansion despite great distances, deserts, & mountains-Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, & Central Asia because of weak Byzantine & Persian Empires

Geographic Influence on the Economic, Social & Political Development-Political unity of 1st Muslim empire short-lived – regional fragmentation-Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands. -Slavery within Islamic lands = not race-based

What stopped expansion into W. Europe?

How did the Arabic language unite the empire & “facilitate trade”?

Similarity to spread of Christianity?

Arabian Peninsula

The Kaaba

The Kaaba

Basic Beliefs of Islam

Islam = Muhammad’s

teachings

Muslims = Followers of

Islam

Allah = one supreme god

Quran = Muslim holy book – word

of God

Mosque = Islamic place

of worship

Islam accepts earlier prophets

(Abraham, Moses, Jesus)

But…

Muhammad is final prophet Arabic = lang.

& writing of Islam

Sharia = Islamic law

Hadiths= stories/teachings of

Muhammad

Dar al-Islam= All areas of

Muslim control

The Kaaba

Arabian Peninsula

I. Origins of IslamA. Arabia before Muhammad

1. Arabian Peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin tribes

2. Small communities developed around oases3. City of Mecca was marketplace and pilgrimage

site.4. Mecca shrine (Kaaba) held hundreds of tribal

idols.B. Founder of Islam

1. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 A.D.2. Around age 40, Muhammad claimed to have

heard voice of the angel Gabriel.3. Gabriel was delivering the word of god through Muhammad.4. Muhammad began sharing these new belief based

on monotheism. There is only one God.C. The Hijrah

1. Leaders of Mecca feared Muhammad's growing power & message.

2. Muhammad & followers escaped to town of Medina

3. This journey is the Hijrah – marks the beginning of IslamII. Spread of Islam

A. Muhammad raised an army of followers and returned to capture Mecca.

1. Tribal idols were destroyed; Kaaba rededicated to Allah.

2. Mecca was center of 1st Muslim empireB. Islam eventually spreads through conquest to southwest Asia, North Africa and southern Spain.

1. Expansion made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian Empires.

Interpretation Questions

Why do you think Arabian society + governance was not centralized?

How do you think the merchants of Mecca benefitted before Islam?

How was Muhammad similar to Abraham and Moses?

Similar to Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama?

Why do you think the leaders feared Muhammad’s power/influence?

Why do you think the Hijrah marks the beginning of Islam?

Why were idols destroyed?

Why was the Kaaba saved and rededicated to Allah?

What motivations do you think fueled this rapid expansion?

III. Beliefs, Customs and Traditions of IslamA. Basic beliefs

1. Muhammad’s teachings/ beliefs = Islam2. Followers of Islam = Muslims “those who have submitted”3. Only one god = Allah (Arabic word for God)4. Quran = Muslim holy book “the word of God”5. Mosque = Islamic place of worship

B. Islam accepts Judeo-Christian prophets1. Islam accepts teachings of Abraham, Moses & Jesus BUT2. Muslims view Muhammad as final prophet.

C. The Five Pillars of Islam – guide for Muslims1. Faith – daily declaration of faith to Allah2. Prayer – Pray 5 times daily facing Mecca3. Alms – charity to less fortunate4. Fasting – no food/drink during daylight for the holy month

of Ramadan5. Pilgrimage – perform the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca.

http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/hajj/hajj.html

Five Pillars of Islam

IslamFaith

Prayer

Alms

Fasting

Hajj

Only one God +

Muhammad is his prophet

5 times/DayFacing Mecca

Giving to poor, charity

Sunrise-sunset for

holy monthRamadan

Pilgrimage to Mecca once

in life

Warm Up Islam Review

1. On which land mass and continent did the religion of Islam develop?

2. In addition to being a market place, why was Mecca an important city prior to Islam?

3. Who was the founder of Islam?_________________________________________________

4. What was the significance of the Hijrah?_________________________________________

5. Islam eventually spread to parts of which 3 continents?______________________________

6. Which two empires did Islamic expansion conflict with?_____________________________

7. In Islam, what is the view of Muhammad, compared to Judeo-Christian prophets such as Abraham, Moses and Jesus?

Matching1. ____ Religion based on Muhammad’s teachings/prophecies A. Mosque2. ____ Follower of Muhammad’s teachings; “one who has submitted” B. Allah3. ____ The one supreme god of this faith C. Muslim4. ____ the holy book “Word of God” for this faith D. Islam5. ____ Islamic house of worship E. Quran

5 Turning Points Impacting the Islamic WorldA. The Sunni – Shi’a Split divides Muslims

1. Following the assassination of the fourth Caliph – Ali

a. Umayyads rise to powerb. Many did not recognize Umayyad rulec. Many claimed successor to Ali should

be related to Muhammadd. This group was called Shi’a – “party of

Ali”e. Others argued caliphs only need to

follow example of Muhammad.f. This group was called Sunni -

“followers of Muhammad’s example”

Religious Division between Sunni & Shi’a

Sunni

Shi’a

B. Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus1. Shifted political center of caliphate to

Middle East2. Initiated conflict/tension between

Muslims, Christians and Jews3. Built Dome of the Rock = Islamic Shrine4. Increased conflict with Byzantine Empire

Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

Dome of the Rock Islamic Shrine in Jerusalem

Site of Muhammad’s ascension to heaven and return (according to Islamic teaching)

Interactive map of Jerusalem

C. The Battle of Tours Halts Muslim Expansion in Europe1. Muslim Berbers from North Africa invade Spain

a. Berber armies move north to within 100 miles of Paris

b. 732 - Muslim Berbers were defeated at the Battle of Tours by the Franks led by “Charles

the Hammer”.2. Significance of the battle

a. Muslims forced back to southern Spainb. No further Muslim expansion in western Europe.

Turning Points in IslamBattle of Tours

D. Islamic Capital Moves to Baghdad1. Baghdad, modern Iraq, becomes capital of

Abbasid Dynastya. Central location in Mesopotamiab. Baghdad becomes center of Islamic

Golden Agec. Islamic scholars build on Greco-Roman & eastern knowledge.

2. Fall of Baghdad = End of Arab Caliphatea. Mongols conquer Baghdadb. Ends Islamic Golden Age of Baghdadc. Opens region to Turkish control

Abbasids move capital to Baghdad

Mongol Conquest of Baghdad: End of Abbasid Dynasty

E. The Delhi Sultanate1. Muslim Turks establish kingdom/control in

Indiaa. Marks arrival of Muslims as controlling

power in India.b. Beginning of religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims

Expansion of Islamic Empire

Battle of Tours

Muslim Society

Literature and the artsPhilosophy and History

Medicine, Math, and scienceFour social classes:•Birth Muslims•Converts•Those of other religions “protected people”•Slaves

•Muslim women had more freedoms than European women

•Reliance on scientific observation & experimentation.•Wrote important medical reference books•Developed algebra; al-jabr•Advance in astronomy: charted stars, comets, planets.•Arabic numerals including zero

Muslim Achievements

•Muslim scholars translated Greek/Roman works into Arabic.•Arabic = language and writing of Islamic Empire.•Many universities emerged throughout the Islamic world

Quran is considered greatest work of Islamic literature.Calligraphy = art of beautiful handwriting used in Islam.Architecture = Dome of the RockDome of the Rock = Islamic shrine in JerusalemJerusalem = important city in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

Muslim Society

Literature and the artsPhilosophy and History

Medicine, Math, and scienceFour social classes:•Birth Muslims• •Those of other religions “protected people”•

•Muslim women had more freedoms than European women

•Reliance on scientific observation & experimentation.•Wrote important medical reference books•Developed ___________; al-jabr•Advance in _______________: charted stars, comets, planets.•Arabic numerals including zero

Muslim Achievements

•Muslim scholars translated Greek/Roman works into Arabic.•___________________= language and writing of Islamic Empire.•Many _______________ emerged throughout the Islamic world

Quran is considered greatest work of Islamic literature._______________= art of beautiful handwriting used in Islam.Architecture = Dome of the RockDome of the Rock = ______________________________________________________= important city in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

The Astrolabe: Islamic invention that revolutionized sea travel

The astrolabe allowed sailors to travel/plot courses across open water, rather than relying on landmarks or other less reliable sources.

The Quran

Islamic Geometric Patterns

Islamic Geometric Patterns in Architecture

IslamicCalligraphy

Calligraphy = art of beautiful handwriting used in Islam.

The first pillar of Islam, the Shahadah, written in Arabic script in the shape of a man praying.

{” I bear witness that there is no God except Allah, and I bear witness that Mohammad is Allah’s Messenger.”}

Prayer ritualhttp://muslim-canada.org/salaat.html