Renewable Energy

resourcesA presentation by,

V. Meenakshi & M.Shalini,2nd year B.Tech CSE

Introduction

Renewable energy  - any sustainable energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides, rain,

geothermal energy.

Some aspects of Renewable energy It exists perpetually and is abundant. Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible. Clean alternative to fossil fuels.

  About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass (used for heating)  and 3.4% from hydroelectricity.  New renewables (small hydro, 

modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and bio-fuels) accounted for another 3% consumption and are growing very rapidly.   The electrical generation globally 

is mainly  from hydroelectricity and the rest  from  new renewables.

Renewable Energy

Hydro energy

Wind energy

Solar energy

Biomass

Geothermal  energy

Hydro powerWhat is Hydropower ?

Hydropower, hydraulic power, hydrokinetic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of falling water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

It is a capture of moving water to generate electric power.

Falling water is used to turn the turbine blades.

Turbine converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy.

Alternator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.

Usually dams are constructer in the water flow to generate electricity from rivers

What is Dam? It is a medium to store water at a height.

It consists of flood gates which prevents water flow into specific and regions.

Most hydropower plants rely on dams.

It consists of different parts –

• Dam• Intake• Penstock• Turbine• Generator • Transformer• Power line• Outflow

Hydropower Plant

Figure showing power generation using dams

Working of hydropower plant

Wind EnergyHistory

Humans have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years to propel sailboats and sailing ships. 

Windmills have been used for irrigation pumping and for milling grain                             since the 7th                       century AD    in Afghanistan,                               India, Iran and                               Pakistan.

Wind power is a renewable energy source used to generate electricity by

converting wind energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is then

converted into electricity by the use of an electrical generator located within each

individual wind machine.

Off –shore wind turbine

Blowing wind spins the blades of a wind turbine – this device is called a wind turbine and not a windmill A windmill grinds or mills grains

or is used to pump water Worldwide there are now many

thousands of wind turbines operating, with a total nameplate capacity of 194,400 MW. World wind generation capacity

more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006, doubling about every three years.

Electricity generation

The blades of a turbine are attached to a hub that is mounted on a turning shaft.

The shaft goes through a gear transmission box where the turning speed is increased.

The transmission box is attached to a high speed shaft which turns a generator that makes electricity

In a wind farm(which is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electric power), individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage (often 34.5 kV), power collection system and communications network.

wind farm

Solar energy Solar energy is the 

radiant light and heat from the sun.  It has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. 

Solar energy technologies include  use of solar energy for

            solar heating            solar photovoltaic              solar thermal electricity            solar architecture We can change the

sunlight directly into electricity by using solar cells also called as photovoltaic cells

When sunlight strikes the solar cell electrons are knocked out loose from the molecule They move towards the treated front surface. An electron imbalance is created between both the surfaces of the solar cell. When the two surfaces are joined by a connector like a wire , a current of electricity occurs between the negative and positive sides. This electricity produced s used for various purposes household and industrially.

Use of many solar cells or setting a solar plant provides

the purpose.

How electricity is generated?

Solar water heaters

Small scale solar powered sewerage treatment plant.

Generate electricity in geo-synchronous orbit using solar power satellites

Applications of solar technology :

     Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs.Passive solar techniques include 

            selecting materials with favorable thermal properties

            designing spaces that naturally circulate air

            referencing the position of a building to the Sun

Biomass (or Bio-fuels)Biomass  is all plant material, or vegetation, either raw or processed, wild or cultivated. Bio-fuel  is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation.Bio-fuels are derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electrical power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and other products.

A facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass.

Analogous to today's petroleum refineries

It is based on the “Sugar Platform” and the “Thermo chemical Platform”

Socio-Economic Benefits• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian communities

• Increase in jobs

• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser dependence on foreign resources

Bio-refinery

First generation bio-fuels :• Bioalcohols• Biodiesel• Green diesel• Vegetable oil• Bioethers• Biogas• Syngas• Solid biofuels

Filtered waste vegetable oil

Pipes carrying Biogas

The various Bio-fuels available…

History :

Hot Springs have been used for bathing at least since Paleolithic times

  The oldest known spa is a stone pool on China’s Lisan mountain built in the Qin     

   dynasty in the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the Huaqing Chi palace was 

later built.Hot water springs form due to geothermal energy of the earth

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy    it is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy 

that determines the temperature of matter.

   originates from the formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of 

minerals (80%).

   The Geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core 

of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the 

form of heat from the core to the surface.

   Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally 

friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries.

   Geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely 

deployed in place of fossil fuels.

Schematic representation of an ideal geothermal system

Generation of electricity using steam power plants from geothermal energy

The steam rotates a turbine that activates a generator, which produces electricity

There are three types of geothermal power plants: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle.

Dry steam power plants draw from underground resources of steam and is sent to the turbines/generator unit to produce power

 Flash steam power plants use geothermal reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 360°F (182°C). This very hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its own pressure. 

Binary cycle power plants operate on water at lower temperatures of about 225°-360°F (107°-182°C). 

1. Cooling tower2. Cooling water pump or Circulating water pump3. Transmission line 4. Step-up transformer 5. Electric generator 6. Low pressure turbine7a. Condensate pump7b. Boiler Feed water pump8. Condenser9. Intermediate pressure turbine10. Steam governor or control valve11. High pressure turbine12. De-aerator13. Feed heater14. Re-heater section 15. Steam generating heat source16. Moisture separators

Steam-driven Electric Power Plant

Bibliography :

// google.com

// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resource

// www.renewsindia.com

THANK YOU