Chapter 1

Raw Materials of Life

Unity and diversityAtoms: the building blocks of everything

Chemical bonds: hold atoms together

Element: composed of atoms with same chem. behavior

Most common in human: C, O, H, N

Atoms: protons, neutrons, electronsNumbers of p, n, & e determine type and behavior

Atom/Element ID: name, symbol, numberAtomic number: number of protons

Hydrogen H 1 Chlorine Cl 17Helium He 2 Potassium K 19Carbon C 6 Calcium Ca 20Nitrogen N 7 Zinc Zn 30Oxygen O 8 Silver Ag 47Sodium Na 11 Gold Au 79Sulfur S 16 Mercury Hg 80

Molecule: combo of two or more atomsH2O C6H12O6

C

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

H

OH

Chemical equation shows atom/molecule changesSame atoms on both sides of arrow

12H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Atom: protons, neutrons, electrons

Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

12C6 15N7

Isotopes: different forms of the same atom or element

12C6 14C6

Isotopes of Hydrogen

1H1 (1 proton + 0 neutron): hydrogen2H1 (1 proton + 1 neutron): deuterium3H1 (1 proton + 2 neutrons): tritium

Different atoms / Same Masses

14N7 (7 protons + 7 neutrons): nitrogen14C6 (6 protons + 8 neutrons): carbon14O8 (8 protons + 6 neutrons): oxygen

Bohr Model: planetary orbits

Orbital Model: Electrons in regions rather than orbitsDifferent orbitals hold different numbers of electrons (2,

8...)Number in outer orbital determines chemical behavior

Structural Formulas for Glucose and Glycine

C

C

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

O

O

O

O

O

H

H

H

H

OHN C C

OH

H OHH

H

Hydrogen Bonds

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)

H

O

H(+)(+)

(–)