The Raw Materials of Biotechnology

Chapter 2

2.1 Organisms and Their Components

Organisms are “raw materials” of biotechUnderstanding of life and structures that compose organismHigh importance …at least

Basic biochemistry…chemistry of living thingsCytology…….cell biologyAnatomy…….structurePhysiology…..function

2.2 Structure of Cells

Animal Cell Plant Cell

2.2 Structure of Cells

CellsDifferent in different organs and organismsDepends on structure and functionGreater or fewer numbers of some structuresEx:

Muscle cell more ribosome and mitochondriaB/c of increased protein and energy production

2.2 Structure of Cells

Plasma membraneComposed of lipids and proteinsTransport moleculesMaintain cell shapeIdentify and recognize molecules

Insulin binds to receptor protein which transports phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins within the cellResult is increase in glucose transport from outside (blood) to inside (muscle or fat cells)

2.2 Structure of Cells

NucleusLocated in the middleChromosomes contain DNADNA holds instruction for protein synthesis within cell

Protein synthesis: “ Central Dogma”

Genetic code of A, C, G,T are within DNACells that make protein transcribe (copy) segment (gene) of DNA into new version, mRNA (ribonucleic acid molec)mRNA transcript (A, C, G, U) and spells amino acids (a.a.)a.a. arranged into proteinsmRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm at structure called ribosome

Where mRNA code is translated into proteins

2.2 Cells Used in Biotechnology

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)

Vero cells (African green monkey kidney epithelial cells )

HeLa cells (human epithelial cells)

E. Coli

2.3 Molecules of Cells

Engineered molec. are basis of many biotech productsSmall molec., CO2, O2, NaCl and H2O(75% of cell mass)Large molec. (macromolecules)

Composed of repeating units (monomers)Monomers linked together to form polymers

Poly = many

2.3 Molecules of Cells

Macromecules:CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Compounds with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in (1:2:1 ratio)Monosaccharides (simple crabs)

GlucoseFructose

DisaccharidesSucroseLactose

Polysaccharides (many glucose monomers)CelluloseAmylopectin

Form of plant starch

Polysaccharides

Energy storage moleculesB/c long polymer structure

Plant starch---amylose or amylopectinAnimal starch---glycogen

Structural moleculesCellulose—plant cell wallsChitin –fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons

Monosaccharides

Single sugars “simple”5 or 6 carbon sugarsGlucose (6 C)

Produced during photosynthesis

Energy molecule (cells break bonds in glucose to release E)…cell respiration

Stored as polymers

Fructose (6 C)Galactose (6 C)…part of lactose molec, found in milkDeoxyribose (5 C)…found in DNARibose (5 C)…found in RNA

Glucose

Deoxyribose

Ribose

Disaccharides

Formed when enzymes form bond btw. 2 monosaccharide

Sucrose…table sugarPlant store glucose in that form Formed when fructose and glucose combine

Maltose…malt sugarLactose…milk sugar

One method mammals store EFormed when galactose and glucose combine

LipidsMade of C and HInsoluble in water (hydrophobic)3 groups

TriglyceridesInclude animal fats and plant oilsE storage molec.

PhospholipidsFound in cell membranesSimilar in structure to triglycerides except have phosphate group…so, water-soluble on one side2 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol molec.

SteroidsAct as hormones, venoms, pigmentsEx. cholesterol

Proteins

Make >75% of cell mass9 categories depending on functionTypical cell produce 2000Structure determined by a.a sequence

Proteinsa.a. are the monomers of proteinsBind together to form polypeptides20 different a.a.

Nucleic Acids

Information-carrying molec.Direct synthesis of other cellular molec.Long, complex molec.Composed of 4 monomer units (nucleotides)

Deoxyribonucleic acidDNA

Ribonucleic acidRNA

Nucleic AcidsDNA

2.4 The “New” Biotechnology

Plant and animal cell manipulationsMove pieces of DNA within and btw. OrganismsEnzyme that cuts DNA into fragmentsFragments separated and pasted in diff. orders…called recombinant DNA (rDNA)Insulin 1st genetically engineered to get to market

2.4 The “New” BiotechnologyrDNA

Homework 2 Due Tuesday 9/04/07

Page 42Questions 2, 3, 4

Page 471, 2, 3, 4

Page 571, 3, 4

Page 611, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10

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