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PowerPoint on basics on quotations and attributions for journalism
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Quotations and AttributionsStratton 20111
Basic Rules to FollowRule #1: Never create, invent or
manufacture quotations
Rule #2: Always be a good observer
Rule #3: Choose quotes wisely
Rule #4: Better to not use quote than use poor quote
Rule #5: Punctuation marks go inside quotes
Rule #6: Always attribute every statement & opinion
Rule #7: Quotations should begin new paragraph
Rule #8: If a quote needs explaining then paraphrase instead
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Uses of Quotes
1. Provides color2. Lends authenticity and realism to the story3. Increase reader interest in the story4. Personalizes the story for the reader5. Moves the story along6. Reveals something crucial about the subject7. Expresses a thought better than the writer can8. Reveals character traits about a subject9. Captures dramatic moments better than
exposition could10.Suggest universal truths 3
Types of Quotations
1. Direct quotations
2. Indirect quotations
3. Paraphrased quotations
4. Partial quotations
5. Dialogue
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Direct Quotes
Uses the person's exact words. Contained in quotation marks. Reports word-for-word what a speaker said.
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Direct Quotes
Faulty grammar may be polished if the person you are quoting would recognize the error in print.
Quote must… the substance of the remark in full accuracy the spirit in which the remark was made the typical language used by the speaker
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Using Direct Quotes
Use quote if it is particularly articulate or powerful in the wording
Most people do not speak in a way which translates well into a quote
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Using Direct Quotes
Only use a quote if it conveys something not communicated better in your own words
If it isn’t articulate (clear), then a better strategy is paraphrasing what the subject has told you
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Direct Quote Example
In an interview, for example, the speaker may tend to ramble. Suppose the speaker, Principal Don Jackson, actually said: “Well, ah, what I’m trying to get across is, maybe
we ought to consider, ah, whether or not the students, you know, should be allowed to smoke anywhere on this campus.”
In print the quoted remark probably would be simplified to: “We ought to consider whether or not students
should be allowed to smoke anywhere on this campus.”
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Direct Quotes
If the subject is well known, then a direct quote may be appropriate The more significant the interviewee is, the more
likely a reader will be interested Make sure the quote is used to add a unique
angle or credibility to the story
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Direct Quotes
If the quote is quirky or captures the source’s personality
If it is emotional or highly opinionated
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Indirect quotations
Mostly uses the person's ideas in their words. A few words my be changed for clarification. Not in quotation marks as words are not
exactly what person said.
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Paraphrased quotations
Paraphrasing means using the ideas of an author, but not using his or her exact words.
Uses the reporters words & terms. The meaning should be the same. No quotation marks used.
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Partial quotations
A combination of direct and paraphrased quotations.
Will have some words in quotation marks. AP states this style is overused by
professionals.
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Dialogue
Combines two or more speakers. Often seen in feature stories & magazines. May be seen in trial court reporting.
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Quotations Examples Part 1 Direct Quotation: “We ought to consider
whether or not students should be allowed to smoke anywhere on this campus,” Don Jackson, principal, said.
Indirect Quotation: Jackson said the administration ought to consider whether or not students should be allowed to smoke on campus.
Paraphrase: Jackson raised the question of students smoking on campus.
Partial Quotation: Jackson urged the administration to consider banning student smoking on campus to eliminate “the disgusting mess left in the smoking area.”
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Quotations Examples Part 2 Dialogue:
• The assembly became electrified.
• “Should we be thumping our chests and telling the world?” Principal Don Jackson bellowed to the student body after announcing that South had been recognized as one of the top schools in the nation.
• “Yes, yes, yes,” they echoed back.
• “Are we proud?” he asked.
• “Yes, yes, yes,” they replied.
• “We are...” yelled Jackson.
• “South Eugene,” screamed the students. 17
Iden
tify th
e Q
uote
Typ
e 1
1. Direct quotations
2. Indirect quotations
3. Paraphrased quotations
4. Partial quotations
5. Dialogue
1. "We have been waiting for this moment for a long time. Moammar Gadhafi has been killed," Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril told a news conference in the capital Tripoli.
2. Celebratory gunfire and cries of "Allahu Akbar" or "God is Great" rang out across the capital Tripoli.
3. Libya's new leaders had said they would declare the country's "liberation" after the fall of Sirte.
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Iden
tify th
e Q
uote
Typ
e 2
1. Direct quotations
2. Indirect quotations
3. Paraphrased quotations
4. Partial quotations
5. Dialogue
1. NOAA issued their annual winter outlook for the United States Thursday and it certainly has a La Nina flavor to it, meaning the Pacific Northwest is likely in for another wet and cool winter.
2. Tusko weighs 13,000 pounds, Zoo officials said.
3. “The birth of a new calf is an incredibly enriching event in these animals’ lives,” said Mike Keele, the zoo’s director of elephant habitats and one of North America’s leading Asian elephant experts.
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Iden
tify th
e Q
uote
Typ
e 3
1. Direct quotations
2. Indirect quotations
3. Paraphrased quotations
4. Partial quotations
5. Dialogue
1. After the new hires, the plant will have a total workforce of about 1,050, Daum said. Plant jobs start at $12 an hour and top out at $23 to $25 an hour.
2. Proponents say the move is key in preventing teen pregnancy and promoting student health.
3. At Canby's 2-year-old center, students have access to select "reproductive health" services, a requirement for school-based health centers in Oregon.
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Iden
tify th
e Q
uote
Typ
e 4
1. Direct quotations
2. Indirect quotations
3. Paraphrased quotations
4. Partial quotations
5. Dialogue
1. In early March, we sat down at his kitchen counter in downtown New York City over sushi to talk about his career.CHRISTOPHER BOLLEN: You're considered one of Georgia's native sons. But in reality, you grew up on army bases all around the country, didn't you?
MICHAEL STIPE: I was born in Georgia. That's where my grandparents-and all my people-are from. But my family traveled a great deal because my dad was in the army as a helicopter pilot.
Bollen: How did music first get into the ears of an army kid?
Stipe: Music really started when I read about the CBGB scene in New York in a magazine called Rock Scene. And then I accidentally got a subscription to The Village Voice when I was 14.
2. Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez says he is free of cancer after returning from Cuba for health checks, four months following surgery there.
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Iden
tify th
e Q
uote
Typ
e 5
1. Direct quotations
2. Indirect quotations
3. Paraphrased quotations
4. Partial quotations
5. Dialogue
1. Eight children and four young adults are put in protective custody in Philadelphia amid a probe into the chaining of four people in a so-called 'dungeon'.
2. Authorities say at least 105 people have died in flooding and landslides provoked by 10 days of heavy rains in Central America.
3. Steve Honig, Lohan's spokesman, said in a statement that the actress was late because she didn't know which entrance to report to and "and confusion caused by the media waiting for her arrival."
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Quote Problems
Avoid rambling quotes Avoid quotes with too much technical lingo
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Quoting Accurately
If the grammar is poor, then some reporters will “clean up” the quote
This practice varies by publication Generally not done HOWEVER, if the interview was witnessed by
multiple media outlets (example: press conference) then you should leave the quotes alone
24
(sic)
If you want to be cautious, then you can use the “(sic)” notation in your printed quote to notate a grammatical error made by your subject
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Editing Quotes
Never make up a quote Don’t add words to a quote Exception: You may “clean up” the grammar
if it is minimal and does not change the context or meaning [Be sure to put the changed words in brackets]
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Attribution
In most cases, the simple verb “said” is appropriate since it is neutralExample: “This is a quote,” the teacher
said. There are other verbs you can use, but be
conservative
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Verbs to Avoid
Minimize use of attribution verbs which are not neutral
“ ,” he cried. “ ,” she emphasized. “ ,” she contended.
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Identification in Attribution
Attribute with the name and job title.
AFTER Example: “This year’s textbooks are going to be more expensive,” Mary Smith, librarian, said. Use this method!
BEFORE Example: Mary Smith, librarian, said “This year’s textbooks are going to be more expensive.” Avoid this method
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Middle Initials AP Stylebook recommends that you use
them. Particularly in hard news stories where they help
identify a specific individual, such as casualty lists and stories naming the accused in a crime. This helps to minimize confusion.
A middle initial may be dropped if a person does not use one or is publicly known without it: Mickey Mantle (not Mickey C.), the Rev. Billy Graham (not Billy F.).
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Talking to Sources
Many of the best stories will not originate from a news release
By nurturing your sources, you will be more likely to get closer to the truth
The longer you work with a source, the more likely you are to determine the relevance of the information that comes from that source
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Sources
Some sources will want to remain anonymous
Avoid this If you agree to keep their
identity private, it is unethical to reveal their names to anyone except your editor and advisor (high school)
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Exceptions:
Government subpoena (real world only) If it is determined to jeopardize the national
security or is essential is solving a crime Publication policy
Due to some problems with reporter integrity, some publications are now requiring reporters to share the identity of the anonymous reporter with their supervising editor or advisor
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Recent Example
Josh Wolf was in jail for 226 days for refusing to turn over raw news video footage to authorities
This is the longest time a journalist has been imprisoned in the U.S. for protecting source materials 34
Use Caution Be aware of sources that have an axe to
grind Do they have an agenda? Are they telling the truth? Are they reliable?
Substance abuse = suspicion Do they really have a direct connection to
the news event? Be careful of “hearsay”
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Gossip Alert
A newspaper is not supposed to be a tabloid
Verify information provided by your sources
Is the information relevant to the news value of the story? Juicy “gossip” may not
equate to news36
Anonymous Sources
On the record – Everything can be quoted with attribution
Background – Everything can be quoted but no attribution
Deep background – No quotes can be used, no attribution – but information can be used
Off the record – No quotes, no attribution
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Policies
Some publications do not allow anonymous sources, especially high school publications
Some require you to disclose the info to your superior; editor, advisor
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“Off the Record”
Hotly debated topic Is it ethical to gather info “off the record”? Should everything be fair game? Can you use information gained “off the
record” without directly quoting the information or source?
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Remember: Basic Rules to FollowRule #1: Never create, invent or
manufacture quotations
Rule #2: Always be a good observer
Rule #3: Choose quotes wisely
Rule #4: Better to not use quote than use poor quote
Rule #5: Punctuation marks go inside quotes
Rule #6: Always attribute every statement & opinion
Rule #7: Quotations should begin new paragraph
Rule #8: If a quote needs explaining then paraphrase instead
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