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Protein Synthesis
By Brady Young
Cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleus
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
Coding RegionPromoter
RegionTermination
Sequence
DNA Molecule
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
DNA Molecule
Coding RegionPromoter
RegionTermination
Sequence
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
DNA Molecule
Coding RegionPromoter
RegionTermination
Sequence
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
DNA Molecule
Coding RegionPromoter
RegionTermination
Sequence
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
DNA Molecule
Coding RegionPromoter
RegionTermination
Sequence
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C A U
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C A U
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C A U G
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C A U G A
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C A U G A C U
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C A U G A C U G A
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
TACTCGGTACTGACT
ATGAGCCATGACTGA
~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~RNA Polymerase
A U G A G C A U G A C U G A
DNA Molecule
mRNA Strand
Nuclear Pore
Ribosomes
mRNA
Nuclear Pore
Ribosomes
mRNA
Nuclear Pore
Ribosomes
mRNA
Nuclear Pore
Ribosomes
mRNA
A U G C
Ribosome
StartCodon
StopCodon
Codon Codon Codon
mRNA Strand
A U G C
LargeSubunit
StartCodon
StopCodon
Codon Codon Codon
Small Subunit
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
Amino Acid
tRNA
Anticodon
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
PeptideBond
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
Protein
A U G CStart
CodonStop
CodonCodon Codon Codon
Final Protein in its TertiaryStructure
SummaryThe first stage of protein synthesis, DNA transcription, occurs in the
nucleus of the cell where the DNA is stored. It begins when RNA polymerase unwinds a DNA molecule that is in a double helix structure. The enzyme starts at the beginning of a gene and binds onto it. It then travels the whole way down the molecule from the promoter region to the termination sequence and unwinds molecule. When the DNA is unwound, one of the two separate strands that were separated is used as a template that RNA polymerase attaches complementary nucleotides to. However, in RNA, adenine is paired with uracil instead of thymine such as it does in DNA. When the matching is complete the product is a mRNA molecule known as messenger RNA. This molecule then detaches from the template strand and exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore, therefore entering the cytoplasm. The original DNA molecule then returns to its starting double-helix formation.
The next step of the process is DNA translation which occurs in the cytoplasm. In this step, mRNA molecules meet the ribosomes which are organelles that make proteins. From there, the ribosomes read the mRNA strand, starting at the start codon and ending at the stop codon, like a book and convert it into a sequence of amino acids. This is done by the ribosome
Summarymoving down the mRNA strand and tRNA molecules attaching to the molecule and then falling off. Each tRNA contains an anticodon and an amino acid. The anticodon binds to the codon for only a temporary period. A peptide bond connects the amino acids every time a tRNA molecule falls off the mRNA strand as the ribosome travels down it. This creates an amino acid chain once that ribosome reaches the stop codon and the last tRNA molecule falls off of the strand. This amino acids chain folds upon itself to give it its final three dimensional structure. This final shape will ultimately determine the function of the newly formed protein. This then completes the process of protein synthesis.
