NORTHENST SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURA

PRACTICE English VI Engenier. Oscar García

Group Practice #3

Member: Rudy Leonel primero primero

PRESENT PERFECT OF THERE IS/ARE

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Tiene el significado de "haber". Se forma con "there" seguido del presente del verbo "to be" en singular o plural, según corresponda.Afirmativo'There is' y 'there are' se forma con el presente del verbo "to be" en su forma afirmativa.'There's' es la forma corta de there is.'There are" generalmente no se puede contraer, aunque a veces se hace en el lenguaje informalNegativoLa forma negativa de 'there is y 'there are' se forma con el presente negativo del verbo 'to be' (there is not/are not). Es frecuente encontrar la forma contraída (there isn´t/there aren´t). En las oraciones negativas hay que tener en cuenta que se usará 'any' y no 'some'.

InterrogativoEl interrogativo se forma con el verbo "to be" (is/are) seguido de "there".Estas preguntas suelen responderse con la forma corta: "Yes, there is/are" o "No, there isn´t/aren´t".

EXAPLE.

There is a book Hay un libro

There are some books Hay unos libros

Afirmativo

Singular forma larga There is a shop Hay una tienda

Plural forma larga There are some shops Hay algunas tiendas

Singular forma corta There's a shop Hay una tienda

EXAPLE.

Negativo

Singular There isn't a shop No hay una tienda

Plural There aren't any shops No hay tiendas

Singular forma larga There was not a shop No había una tienda

plural forma larga There were not any shops No habían tiendas

FUTURE TENSE OF “HAVE TO”

In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verb aimer ("love"). English does not have a future tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number of ways to express the future, particularly the construction with the auxiliary verb will or shall, and grammarians differ in whether they describe such constructions as representing a future tense in English, one and all.The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.

EXAPLE.

Singular Plural

I will have walked we will have walked

you will have walked you will have walked

he/she/it will have walked they will have walked

By this time next week, I will have worked on this project for twenty days. Before he sees his publisher, Charles will have finished four chapters in his new novel. A Democratic president will have been in the White House for nearly half of the twentieth century. How long will it have been since we were together?

EXAMPLE.

Singular Plural

I will have slept we will have slept

you will have slept you will have slept

he/she/it will have slept they will have slept

Singular Plural

I will have been we will have been

you will have been you will have been

he/she/it will have been they will have been

INTRODUCTION TO THE PASSIVE VOICE.

Where is the doer of the action (seeing)?  It is in the object position and is preceded by the preposition by.When the agent is in the object position or if it is not mentioned, then the sentence will be a passive voice sentence.Where are most American films made?

American films are made in Hollywood.

What is the subject?Is American films the agent?  The doer of the verb, make?Is the agent mentioned?  If you wanted to put an agent, who would be the agent, the maker of the films?What is the time of the verb?   The winner's name will be announced.

What is the subject?Is American films the agent?  The doer of the verb, make?Is the agent mentioned?  What is the time of the verb?  

EXAPLE.

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present A committee chooses the best actor.

The best actor is chosen by a committee.

Present continuous They are presenting an award now.

An award is being presented now.

Future

They will pick the best movie.They are going to pick the best movie.  

The best movie will be picked.The best movie is going to be picked.

Simple Past They announced the winner's name.

The winner's name was announced.

Past Continuous They were taking photographs.

Photographs were being taken.

Present Perfect They have chosen the best movie.

The best movie has been chosen.

Modal They should announce the winner's name.

The winner's name should be announced.

EXAPLE.

Transitive

Subject Verb Object

A storm destroyed his house.

Intransitive

Subject Verb  

My sister came.

 

PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE.

Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected...

Active : The gardener waters the flowers every evening.Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.

Active : Helen doesn't drink anything in parties.Passive: Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties.

Active : Who sells umbrellas?Passive: Who are umbrellas sold by?

Active : My mother doesn't paint the walls.Passive: The walls aren't painted by my mother.

EXAPLE.

Affirmative Form Object + am / is / are + verb3 (past participle)

Question Form Am / Is / Are + Object + verb3 (past participle) ?

This writer's articles are read by many people

PAST PERFECT TENSE + YET ALREADY.

Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb.

Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence.

EXAMPLES.

We've already had our breakfast.

   - When are you going to do your homework?   - But I've already done it!

   - Do you want a cup of coffee?   - No, thanks. I've already had one.“

- Has the post arrived yet?

   - Have you done your homework?   - Not yet.

   - Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time!

MUST/MIGHT.

Might Used to suggest a smaller possibility than may does (actually, might is more common than may in American English):

Must Used to express something formally required or necessary:

EXAPLE.

MightHe might have finished it.I might go see a doctor.I might not come this time.It might be right.You might have lost it.The store might have been closed today.

MustI must complete the project by this week.The government must provide health care for everybody.Everyone must save the natural resources of the earth.The building must have a fire alarm.You must answer my question right now.

PAST SIMPLE OF “CAN”

Simple Past of the verb can - I Could not sleep

The verb form can in Simple Past Could and is the same for all people. As it is a modal verb, the negative form does not specify the verb to do but is formed simply by adding not, that is not contracted.

EXAPLES.can - cannot - can't El verbo modal can en Simple Past: could - could not - couldn't I can ski   I could ski ten years agoYo sé esquiar  Yo sabía esquiar hace diez añosI can't sleep  I couldn't sleep last nightYo no puedo dormir  Yo no pude dormir anoche

 En frases interrogativas, el verbo can se coloca antes del sujeto:You can speak English very well. Can you speak French?Tú sabes hablar inglés muy bien ¿Sabes hablar francés?Seguimos la misma regla con could:You could understand him perfectly. Could you understand her?A él podías entenderle perfectamente ¿Podías entenderla a ella?Veamos otros ejemplos de frases afirmativas y negativas:My grandfather could remember the First World War ...Mi abuelo podía recordar la Primera Guerra Mundial ...... but he couldn't remember what he did the day before... pero no podía recordar lo que hizo el día anterior.

REPORTED SPEECH.

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. (Click here for more about using 'say' and 'tell'.) If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'. But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech: Direct speech: I like ice cream.� �Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

EXAPLES.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple I like ice cream� � She said (that) she liked ice cream.

present continuous I am living in London� � She said she was living in London.

past simple I bought a car� � She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.

past continuous I was walking along the street� � She said she had been walking along the street.

present perfect I haven't seen Julie� � She said she hadn't seen Julie.

past perfect* I had taken English lessons before� � She said she had taken English lessons before.

will I'll see you later� � She said she would see me later.

would* I would help, but..� � She said she would help but...

can I can speak perfect English� � She said she could speak perfect English.

VERBS.

Verbs have traditionally been defined as words that show action or state of being.

Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes)  will signify that a word is a verb. For example, the suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify, characterize, irrigate, and sweeten.  Prefixes such as be-, de-, or en-  may signify that a word is a verb, as in bestow, dethrone, and encourage.  These affixes, often inconsistent from verb to verb, are called derivational affixes. Added to a word, they either change the word's part of speech.

EXAPLE.

(to write)

Smith writes short stories at home. (-s ending)

Smith is writing short stories at home. (-ing ending)Smith wrote short stories at home. (-ed ending)

Smith has written short stories at home. (-en ending)*

(to buy)

Jones buys a newspaper each day. (-s ending)

Jones is buying a newspaper today. (-ing ending)Jones bought a newspaper yesterday. (-ed ending)Jones has bought newspapers every day. (-en ending)*

(to go)

Students go to the library often. (-s ending)

Students are going to the library often. (-ing ending)Students went to the library often. (-ed ending)

Students have gone to the library often. (-en ending)

VERBS CAN.

I can play the trumpet.Yo puedo/sé tocar la trompeta. We can take a taxi to the airport.Podemos tomar un taxi hasta el aeropuerto. Mary can be very stubborn sometimes.Mary puede ser muy terca a veces. You can sit here if you like.Puedes sentarte aquí si quieres. It can take longer than we thought.(Esto) Puede tardar más de lo que pensábamos. Nobody can understand that.Nadie puede entender eso. Your decision can change our lives.Tu decisión puede cambiarnos la vida.

EXAPLE.

I can not swim.No puedo/sé nadar. That cannot be true.Eso no puede ser cierto. You can't tell me what to do.No puedes decirme qué hacer

Can Peter speak German?¿Puede/sabe Peter hablar alemán? Can you help me with my homework?¿Me puedes ayudar con mi tarea?

Paul can have gone to Maria's.Paul puede haber ido a lo de María. They can't have left without us.Ellos no pueden haberse ido sin nosotros. Jane can't have said that.Jane no puede haber dicho eso.

MUSTHN´T.

We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for example:Passengers must not talk to the driver.

Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb.The basic structure for must not is:

EXPALE.

subject auxiliarymust + not main verb

I mustn't forget my keys.

You mustn't disturb him.

Students must not be late.