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Plants
Are Plants Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?
Plants are autotrophs
Autotrophs- they create their own food
Aboveground parts of the plant and their Function:
Aboveground: Shoots
Leaves stems: produce food by photosynthesis
Flowers: reproduction
Aboveground: steam and leaf
Major stem
Secondary stems branch off
Terminal bud: shoot tip
Auxiliary bud: location of secondary stem growth
Petiole: stalk attaching leaf to stem
Node :location on stem of left attachment
Belowground portions of the plant and their functions
Belowground: roots
Absorb water and minerals
Store food
Apical meristem
located on the top of the plant and on the bottom of the root. It is where cell division is taking place and the plant is growing vertically.
Contain unspecialized cells
Lengthen shoots and roots
Located at the tip of the shoot and the bottom of the root
Lateral Meristem
located around the plant. It is where cell division is taking place and the plant is growing hora
Increases girth of older roots and stem
Cylindrical arrays of cells zontally.
Eudicots and Monocots
Eudicots
Have two cotyledons
Vascular tissue is arranged n a ring
Monocots
Have one cotyledons
Vascular tissue arranged in random
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue: transport water and nutrients
Xylem transports water
Conducts water
2 cells: vessel member and tracheid's
dead at maturity
Interconnected for vertical and lateral water movement
Phloem Transport nutrition (food)
Conducts sugar
One cell: sieve member
Alive at maturity
Connect end to end
Helper cell: companion cells
Loads of surgar
Leaf Tissues
Mesophy II
Photosynthetic tissue between the epidermis
2 rows, columnar shaped
Contain 80% of chloroplasts
Spongy: attached to lower epidermis
Epiderams
Single layer of cells
Upper and lower epidermis secrete waves into the outer surface forming the caticle
Helps conserve water and protects
Stomata and Guard cells
Guard cells
Regulate the gas exchange and water loss
Control stomata opening and closing
Contain chloroplast
Expand and contract with water gain and loss
Stomata
Pores in the lower epidermis
Allow water and gas diffusion
Help cool the leaf
Are simply the holes in the leaf where gas exchange and water loss take place
Root Structure
Primary root: main root
Tip is the apical meristem
Contains the root cap
Protects the root with slime
Sense gravity
Secondary roots (lateral): branch off from main root
Root hair: small extensions
Flower Structure
Receptacle: swelling at tip off peduncle
Attachment for other flower parts
Petals: inside of sepals
Brightly colored to attract pollinators
Collectively called the corolla
Sepals: outermost flower part
A small and green
Protects
Collectively called the calyx
Male Structure of the flower
Stamen
Located next to the petals
2 parts
Anther: sac at top
Produces pollen
Male gamete
Filament
Semi-rigid stalk
Female Structures of the Flowers
Carpel: sprats
Style: slender stalk
Stigma: enlargement at top
Gathers pollen during fertilization
Ovary: swollen bases
Holds ovules
Female gamete
Become seeds when fertilized
Ovary becomes fruit
Pollination and fertilization
Pollination: pollen grains released from an anther land on a stigma
Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the female structure of the plant
Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm
actual coming together of the sperm and the egg.
Adaptation of life of land
Resistance to desiccation (drying Out)
Caticle: waxy coating to keep water in
Stomata: allow gases to pass in and out
Division of labor: leaves, stems, roots
Symbiotic relationship with fungi aid in nutrient acquisition
Vascularization: transport water to tissues
Changes in life cycle
Pollen, seeds, flowers: eliminate need for water to transport sperm
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm have “naked seeds
Seeds don’t form inside an ovary
4groups
Conifers
Cycade
Ginlrgas
gnetophytes
Angiosperms Flowering plant
Ovules and(after fertilization) seeds are enclosed in an ovary
3 major groups:
Magnolids: 9,200 species, suchas pepper plants
Eudicats: 170,000 species, including daisies
Monocats- 20 species, including grass
Seed Dispersal
Fruit structure is adapted seeds
Wind currents
Water current
Wax coats or air sacs to float
Animals
Have hooks or are sticky
Attach to fur and feathers
Eat fruits and excrete seeds
Explosions: self dispersal
Leaching and Erosin
Leaching: removal of nutrients in soil by water percolating through it
Erosin: washing away of soil by wind flowing water and ice
Purpose of Roots
Anchor the aboveground plat parts
Absorb nutrients and water
Storage and reduce endrosin
Root structures
Root cap: protects as it lengthens
Region of cell division: apical meristem
Region of Elongation: cells lengthen and widen
Region of maturation:maturecells differentiate into different types
Cohesion-tension theory of water
Water moves from high to low concentration due to osmosis
Transportation occurs at all plant surface exposed to air
Parts of xylem cells in tension
Extends from leaves to steam to roots
Phototropism
When plant adjust the rate and direction of growth in response to light
Results in more efficient photosynthesis
Photoperiodiism
A biological response to change in length of daylight relative to darkness
Thigmotroposm
A shift in growth due to an object
Guided by auxin and ethylene