PAK-US Relationship

GROUP MEMBERS:

1.• ABDUL

SAMAD

2.• HIRA

QAYYUM

3.• ARREG

FATIMA

4.• ABDULL

AH BUTT

5.• KHURR

AM NADEEM

CONTENTS:HISTORY

1947-1971ZULFIQAR BHUTTO’S ERA

GENERAL ZIA’S ERAUNSTABLE DEMOCRATIC

GOVERNMENTMUSHARRAF’S ERA AND 9/11

The Foreign Policy of Pakistan aims to:

Develop friendly relations.Safeguard vital security.Resolve core issues.Portray a strong image.Augment economic and commercial interestsProtect interests of Pakistan abroad.

HISTORY

US established diplomatic relations with Pakistan on October 20, 1947.Relationship based on economic and military assistance.Pakistan’s relation with the US improved in early 1950’s when Prime

Minister Liaqat Ali Khan visited America and stresses upon the following:• Democracy.• Fundamental Human Rights.• Equality of Opportunity.• Equal Citizenship irrespective of Religion.

In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense Agreement with US and subsequently became members of SEATO and CENTO.

These treaties put Pakistan under influence and thus Pakistan was used against Soviet territory.

Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement

The first defense agreement in May 1954 under which the US undertook to provide defense equipment to Pakistan “exclusively to maintain its internal security, its legitimate self-defense or to permit it to participate in defense of the area”. Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra lauded the PAK-US agreement. At the same time the US military aid began to flow into Pakistan on the recommendation of General Ayub Khan.Military aid to Pakistan between 1953 and 1961 totals $508 millions.

“SEATO”

South East Asian Treaty Organization September’8, 1954 Members: Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan,

Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States.

Purpose: • Establish a collective security arrangement for South-East

Asia.• Enhance trade relationship between its members.

Reason for its failure:• Lack of ability to resolve issues.• Ultimate inability of other Seato Nations to act militarily.

“CENTO”

Central Treaty Organization 1955 Members: Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, United Kingdom. Purpose:• U.S pressure and promises of military and economic aid

were key in the negotiations to the agreement.• Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in Middle East oil

producing countries.Reasons for failure:• Did not intervene in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.• Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in member states

(Egypt, Syria, Iran etc)

“Ayub’s Era (1952-1969)”

Significance of SEATO and CENTO• Military aid increased to 500

million dollar by 1957. • Further strengthening of US-PAK relationship. • Became United States “Most-Allied Ally” in Asia.

U-2 Crises of 1960:• July, 1957- US requested permission from Pakistan for the

establishment of a secret US Intelligence facility in Pakistan.• Location: Badaber, 10 miles from Peshawar.• April 9, 1960- U-2 spy plan of the special CIA unit crossed the

national boundary of the Soviet Union and flew over four Soviet top secret military objects but was detected by the Soviet Air Defense Forces.

• Pakistan became a “wholehearted ally” which undertook ‘real - responsibilities and risk’ by providing facilities ‘highly important to US national security.

• Compromise on Pakistan’s security and worsened relations with the Soviet Union.

• Soviet Union threatened the nuclear annihilation of Pakis- tani cities.

Indus Water Treaty in 1960 and - half a billion in US funds.

Sino-Indian War

In 1962, Sino-Indian War was fought US gave aid to India without consulting Pakistan. In the same year General Ayyub Khan visited China which affected PAK-US relations.Pakistan growing friend- ship with communist China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war.

Half Decade Story

In 1965 Indo-Pakistan War Happened in which both United States and United Kingdom supplied arms to Pakistan.United States increased the amount of aid to Pakistan half a billion of which were lost in war.Army Chief Gen. Yahya Khan took over power from Presi- dent Ayyub Khan in 1969.Elections held in 1970 that lead to a limited civil war.

Indo- Pak War 1971

India launched a War on December, 1971.

After fortnight of fighting the Pakistan Forces in East Pakistan accepted default. India wants to conquer West Pakistan. The war is not going very well for Pakistan. On December 10, 1971, 10:51 am. US President Richard Nixon on the phone with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.

Nixon: Our desire is to save West Pakistan . That's all.

Kissinger: That's right. That is exactly right.

Era of 1972-1977

Pakistan withdraw from ‘SEATO’ in 1972.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became president of Pakistan in 1974. He was a close friend of President

Nixon which went in Pakistan favor.In 1976 Pakistan ran in trouble with the US over the

issue of acquisition of a nuclear processing plant and President Jimmy Carter imposed sanctions on Pakistan.

Symington AmendmentSection 101 of the Arms Export Control Act • Imposed in 1979 for Pakistan’s clandestine

construction of a uranium enrichment plant.

General Zia’s Era

In the early days of Zia regime the relation- ship between US and Pakistan.General Zia admitted this thing in an interview that in the administration of President Carter the relations reached at the lowest point.The main cause is the controversy on the nuclear issues.Than for Pakistan US changed it’s strategies and provide assistance in militarily and economically.The most determining factor in Pakistan and US relationship during this period was ‘the geographical importance of Pakistan in the region.

In 1976 Pakistan and France reached an agreement in which France provides a nuclear processing plant.

But what America do?He put pressure on France to conceal the agreement and because of this pressure France refuse to give nuclear processing plant.General Zia said, the only poor country that President Carter get hold of , for achieving his aims was Pakistan and

president Gisward; somehow or other I think he come under pressure from Us & refused to give us plant.

“Year of 1979”

This is the main issue which destroyed the relationship between US and Pakistan after this Pakistan’s government issued a strongly angry statement against US policy.President Jimmy cut off aid to Pakistan in 1979 after the General ( Zia) refused to allow International Inspection of his Country’s nuclear installation.There are some other reasons which gave bad impact to US towards Pakistan and is the mistaken belief that the US was involved in the attack of Makkah ( The Holiest place for Muslims in the World).

Grand Mosque Seizure

The Grand Mosque Seizure on November 20, 1979, was an armed attack and takeover by armed Islamist dissidents of the Al-Masjid -

al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam.

The insurgents declared that the Mahdi, or redeemer of Islam, had arrived in the form of one of the insurgents' leaders, Abdullah Hamid Mohammed Al-Qahtani and called on Muslims to obey him.

The seizure shocked the Islamic world as hundreds of pilgrims present for the annual hajj were taken hostage.

The insurgents broadcast their demands from the mosque loudspeakers, calling for the cutoff of oil exports to the United States and

expulsion of all foreign civilian and military experts from the Arabian peninsula.

The battle had lasted more than two weeks, and had officially left "255 pilgrims, troops and fanatics" killed "another 560 injured, military

causalities were 127 dead and 451 injured.

Soviet Afghan War

The Soviet Afghan War lasted over ten years from December, 1979- February 1989. The insurgent group fought against Soviet Army and Allied Afghan Forces, between 8,50,000 to 20,00,000 civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees mostly to Pakistan and Iran.

Relations once again soured after the collapse of Soviet Union when the united states sanctions against Pakistan for its nuclear

weapon program.Pressler Amendment

Section 620E(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961

Adopted in 1985, bars most forms of U.S. military assistance to Islamabad unless the president certifies annually that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device.