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Drafted and presented by the author himself. It is meant for aquaculture experts or scholars only. visit http://www.facebook.com/89koushik.roy Seminar on Nutrients in Pond Fish Farming
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Fertilizer and organic derived
nutrients
Food nutrients
Nutrients fixed in biomass
SOURCE
• Inorganic fertilizers (E.g.- urea, ssp, etc.)
• Organic manures (E.g.- FYM, Animal excreta, etc.)
• Benthic sediments (E.g.- Bottom muck, silt, etc.)
• Dead and decaying organic matter (E.g.-
Decomposing feed, dead plants/animals, etc.)
• Run-off from adjacent fields & catchment areas
SINK
• Utilization by primary producers.
• Assimilation by secondary & tertiary
consumers.
• Lost into the atmosphere or surrounding
environment.
• Locked or trapped within benthic sediments.
SOURCE
• Feed (E.g.- Natural, supplementary, artificial)
• Absorption from environment (E.g.- Through skin,
gills & during osmoregulatory processes)
SINK
• Proteins & enzymes.
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Vitamins, minerals & hormones.
• Nitrogen (N), Phoshphorus (P), Pottasium (K), Inorganic carbon (C) (in Kg)
Macro-nutrients
(required in larger
quantities, i.e.- in
Kg, gm, etc.)
• Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Chlorine (Cl), Boron (B), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Sillicon (Si), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg). (in mg)
• Vitamins A,D,E,K, (in µg ) B-complex, C, Choline, Inositol, biotin, etc. (in I.U.)
Micro-nutrients
(required in minute
quantities, i.e.- in
mg, µg, I.U., etc.)
• Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (in gm)
SOURCE
• Natural food (E.g.- Phytoplankton, plants,
zooplankton, bacterioplankton)
• Supplementary feed (E.g.- larval feed, grow out
feed, broodstock feed.)
• Detritus
SINK
• Fixed into biomass or standing crop.
• Lost through harvested biomass or crop.
• Recycled into environment by bacterioplankton.
• Locked or trapped within benthic sediments.
SOURCE (in aquatic systems)
Weathering of phosphorus
containing rocks, Phosphate fertilizers
Agricultural and urban drainage
Atmospheric dust
Animal wasteDecomposition of
organic matter
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
SOURCE (in aquatic systems)
Fertilisation Precipitation Run-off N-fixing algaeDecomposition of
organic matterSeepage
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
Forms of Carbon
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Bicarbonate (HCO3
-)
Carbonate (CO32-)
SOURCES (in aquatic systems)
Solution of atmospheric CO2
Dissolution of the common rock limestone
Decomposition of organic matter
Relationship between pH and approximate relative percentages of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (Knud-hansen, 1998)
Diel (24-hour) curves of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), ammonia-
N, alkalinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a productive pond. (Knud-hansen, 1998)
Oxygen & Water Cycle in Pond
Oxygen consumption pattern (Principles of aquaculture, 1998)
IdealDuring algal bloom or weed infestation
During cloudy day
During continuous cloudy day
Element % of dry weight Source Function
Carbon 50organic compounds or CO2
Main constituent of cellular material
Oxygen 20H2O, organic compounds, CO2, and O2
Constituent of cell material and cell water; O2 is electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
Nitrogen 14NH3, NO3, organic compounds, N2
Constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids nucleotides, and coenzymes
Hydrogen 8H2O, organic compounds, H2
Main constituent of organic compounds and cell water
Phosphorus 3inorganic phosphates (PO4)
Constituent of nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, LPS, teichoic acids
Sulfur 1SO4, H2S, S, organic sulfur compounds
Constituent of cysteine, methionine, glutathione, several coenzymes
Potassium 1 Potassium saltsMain cellular inorganic cation and cofactor for certain enzymes
Magnesium 0.5 Magnesium saltsInorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymatic reactions
Calcium 0.5 Calcium saltsInorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymes and a component of endospores
Iron 0.2 Iron salts
Component of cytochromes and certain nonheme iron-proteins and a cofactor for some enzymatic reactions
Micronutrient Utility Active Form
Inorganic
Major nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash and Calcium
Minor elements: Manganese, Boron, Sulphur, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc
Organic
Animal waste
Green manure
Compost
Item Organic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers
Storage Difficult, only short time Easy, possibly for long time
Distribution Difficult, esp. on larger scale Easy
Mineral content Variable, low Consistent, high to very high
Organic matter Present Absent
Effect on soil structure Improvement No
Direct food for fish Yes No
Decomposition process Yes, with oxygen consumption No
Price Low to medium High to very high
Cost per nutrient unit Higher Lower
AvailabilityPossibly in neighbourhood or even on own farm
Commercial suppliers only; sometimes imported
Direct pond fertilizationPossible by raising animals on or near the pond
Not feasible
Poor:
<0.5%
Medium:
0.5-1.5%
High: 1.5-2.5%
Excessive: >2.5%
Organic Carbon content vs. Productivity of pond
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Available-Nitrogen content vs. Productivity of pond
Low:
<250ppm
Medium: 250-
500ppm
High:
>500ppm
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Available-Phosphorus content vs. Productivity of pond
Poor:
<30ppm
Average:
30-60ppm
Good: 60-
120ppm
High:
>120ppm
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
C:N Ratio vs. Productivity of pond via Mineralization
Unsuitable
: <10
Best: 10-15
Good: 15-20
Bad: >20
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Poor:
>12
Bad: 8-12
Good : 4-8
Best: <4
N:P Ratio vs. Productivity of pond via Assimilation
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Desirable
concentrations
for good algal
production:
Phosphates
> 0.2 mg/l
Total P > 0.4
mg/l
Nitrates
> 2 mg/l
Total N > 1.5-3
mg/l
Potassium
> 1 mg/l
Oxygen
> 4 mg/lit
Best P:N ratio =
1:4 to 1:8
Total alkalinity
60 – 400 ppm
Total Hardness
40 – 300 ppmpH – 7.5 to 8.5
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Fertilizer Phosphorus Potassium
Eq. P2O5 Total P(P2O5 x 0.44)
Eq. K2O Total K(K2O x 0.83)
PHOSPHATE FERTILISERS
Basic slag 16-20 7.0-8.8 - -
Superphosphate 14-20 6.2-8.8 - Trace
Triple superphosphate 44-54 19.4-23.8 - -
Fertilizer Phosphorus Nitrogen
Eq. P2O5 Total P(P2O5 x 0.44)
N
NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
Ammonium nitrate - - 33-35
Ammonium sulphate - - 20-22
Ammonium phosphate 20-48 8.8-21.1 11-16
Di-ammonium phosphate 48-52 21.1-22.9 18-21
Calcium nitrate - - 15-16
Sodium nitrate - - 15-16
Urea - - 42-47
Fertilizer Nitrogen Potassium
N Eq. K2O Total K(K2O x 0.83)
POTASSIC FERTILIZERS
Kainite (MgS04+KCI) - 20 16.6
Potassium nitrate 13-14 44-46 36.5-38.2
Potassium sulphate - 45-54 37.4-44.8
Muriate of potash - 50-62 41.5-51.5
Animal/Poultry Country N P K
percent of oven-dry weight
Buffalo Dung India 0.750.20 2.00
Horse Dung India 1.88 0.52 1.00
Cattle Dung India 1.65 0.44 0.83
Sheep Dung India 1.55 0.70 0.72
Goat Dung India 2.04 0.73 0.47
Animal/Poultry Country N P K
Pig Dung China 2.66 1.37 1.47
Duck Droppings India 2.15 1.13 1.15
Chicken Droppings India 2.87 1.28 1.95
Pond Types(Productivity)
Organic Carbon(%)
Available Nutrients (mg/100g)
Nutrient requirement
(Kg/ha)
Total quantity of fertilizer or
manure(Kg/ha/yr)
Low Below 0.5 N: below 25
P2O5: below 3
N: 200-250P2O5: 100-125
Org. C: 600-720
Urea @225-290SSP@315-405Cow dung@ 10000-12000
Medium 0.5 – 1.5 N: 25 - 50
P2O5: 3 - 6
N: 150-200P2O5: 75-100
Org. C: 480-600
Urea @156-225SSP@219-315Cow dung@ 8000-10000
High 1.5 – 2.5 N: above 25
P2O5: above 3
N: 150-200P2O5: 75-100
Org. C: 480-600
Urea @112-156SSP@156-219Cow dung@ 5000-8000
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Amino acid % of protein % of diet
Arginine 4.2 1.6
Histadine 2.1 0.8
Isoleucine 2.3 0.9
Leucine 3.4 1.3
Lysine 5.7 2.2
Methionine 3.1 1.2
Phenylalanine 6.5 2.5
Threonine 3.9 1.5
Tryptophan 0.8 0.3
Valine 3.6 1.4
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Vitamin Requirement (mg/kg diet)Major vitamin deficiency
symptoms
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A 10 000 IUFaded colour, exophthalmia, hemorrhages
on fin and skin
Vitamin D N None detected
Vitamin E 200–300 Muscular dystrophy, mortality
Vitamin K N None detected
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Thiamin Na Nervousness and fading of body colour.
Riboflavin 7.0 Hemorrhages on skin, fin, mortality
Pyridoxine 5–6 Nervous disorders
Pantothenicacid
30–50Poor growth, anaemia, skin hemorrhages,exophthalmia
Nidcotinic acid 28 Hemorrhages on skin, mortality
Biotin 1 Poor growth
Folic acid N None detected
Vitamin B12 N None detected
Choline 4 000 Fatty liver
Inositol 440 Skin lesions
Ascorbic acid Na Impaired collagen formation
Minerals Quantity/Kg of diet
Primary minerals
Calcium 10-18 g
Phosphorus 18 g
Magnesium 0.8-1 g
Sodium 6 g
Potassium 9 g
Sulphur 0.2 g
Minerals Quantity/Kg of diet
Trace Elements
Manganese 20 mg
Zinc 50-100 mg
Iron 5-20 mg
Cobalt 10 mg
Selenium 1 mg
Chlorine Traces
Copper 25 mg
Molybdenum Traces
Chromium Traces
Fluorine Traces