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The Nobel Prize 2015 in
Physiology or MedicineMade by :
Balbeer Singh
Nawab Khatoon
Subitted to Dr. Kashif
History
Gerhard DomagkDiscovered
Sulfonamides and was
awarded Nobel Prize in
1939
Alexander
Fleming
Discovered
Pencilin
History
Ernst and Howard Flory
Discovered active
components and showed
their therapeutic activity
against bacteria
Selman Wakman
- Isolated Sreptomyces from
the soil
- Discovered an active drug
against tuberculosis known
as Streptomycin
- won Nobel Prize in 1952
Parasites
Protozoa:Balantidium Coli, Entamoeba
Histolytica Amoebiasis
Ectoparasit:
Acari, Cimicidae Cimex
lectularius
Helminths:
Tapeworms,
Roundworms, Flukes
River Blindness (Onhcocerciasis)
• African River Blindness • Caused by Onchocerca Volvulus• Called as River Blindness as black
flies are found near river• O.volvulus double the size of male• Female produces 1000 embryonic
microfilaria each day
Lymphatic Filariasis
• Filaiodidea such as Wuchereia banocrofti, Brugi malayi and Brugi timori
• Female nematode are larger than their male• 43-55mm long 130-170μm wide• Nematodes surive for 3-6 months
Discovery of a Microorganism With Unusual Anti-Microbial Properties
Collected Soil Samples from Japan
Made 1000 Streptomyces Culture
Selected 50 cultures that were more prominent
Discovery of the Antiparasitic Activity of Avermectins
• Wiliam C. Campbell • Tested efficacy of bacterial broths made by
Omuras culture
From Avermectin to Levermectin
Avermectin have following Activities:Active against intestinal nematodes in different hosts.Having long term activity against blood dwelling microfilariae and other
nematodesHighlt active against the nematodes who have acquired resistance from
Benimidazole. It was made non-toxic for the host Dr Mohammad Aziz, who was expert in treating River BlindnessCarried first human trial in 1982
Activity of Lvermectin
1. Inhibit glutamate-gated chloride ion channels GABA-activated chloride Channels in the nerve cells
2. This results in the increase of the permeability of the cell membrane to Chloride ions
3. Hyper-polarization causes muscular paralysis and slow death of the parasite
4. Humans have Ligand-gated Cholride channels in the nervous system that are not affected by Ivermectin
History
1. British Army SurgeonDiscovered Mosquitoes as vector for Malaria transmissionAwarded nobel Prize in 19022. French Physician was a Swis ChemistDiscovering the parasites presences in the red blood cells of the patients suffering from MalariaAwarded Nobel Prize in 1948
• Discovery of DDT, serves
poison against arthropods such
as mosquitos
• Awarded Nobel prize in 1948
Discovery of the Anti-Malarial Activity of
Artemisinin
Cold extraction method provide 100% result by killing the
malarial parasite in infected mice and monkeys
Further tested plant extract on malarial infected patients
Obtained the juice of the leaves of A.annua in the cold water with ether instead of boiling
water with ethanol
Clinical Efficacy of Artemisnin against MalariaThe positive result of the Plant extract leads Youyou to figure out the active component
from the plant extract Figured out its chemical structureArtrmisnin contains a class of antimalarial component that destruct the malarial
parasitic activity at the early stage
ResistanceResistance to Artemisnin is due to the mutation of Kelch 13 protein Youyou has suggested combination therapy of Artemisinin and antimalarial drugs
Conclusion
Avermectin and Artmisinin therapies Malaria kills 500,000 people each year, constitutes of the
children under 5 years old Deaths caused by Malaria has been decreased 50% Roundworm diseases infect the children Lymphatic Filariasis infects about 120 million Now the discovery of Ivermectin has become the cure for
these diseases Efforts are being conducted by WHO to eradicate the River
Blindness and Lymphatic Fliaraias from the world by 2025.