MICROPROCESSOR BASED SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE ENERGY GENERATION

DEVELOPMENT OF SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL

SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE SUN ENERGY GENERATION

PREPARED BY:

MOHD MOIZUDDIN

4TH Year – EEE Department, SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGG N TECH

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:LECTURER. SAJID SIRFaculty of EEE Department;SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONPREFACEPROJECT BACKGROUNDMAIN OBJECTIVECOMPARISON OF ENERGY SOURCESWORKING PROCEDUREBLOCK DIAGRAMSOLAR TRACKER SOLVING ALGORITHMFLOWCHARTSOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONOUR PROJECTHARDWARE DESCRIPTIONPROGRAM DUMPERBLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051LIGHT DETECTING RESISTORANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERTERL293D MOTOR DRIVERDC SERIES MOTORLCD DISPLAYPROJECT CODINGAPPLICATIONSDRAWBACKSADVANTAGESCONCLUSION

“SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM” - Used to control and set the moment of solar panels.

This system uses DC motor to control the angle of rotation of the panels.

Rotation of DC motor through the desired angle is achieved by using Kiel cross compiler.

INTRODUCTION

The basic idea of the project is to increase the efficiency of the solar systems.

The solar panel is made to rotate in all the directions facing the sunlight.

Tracks the maximum intensity position and rests in that position.

PREFACE

The main non-renewable sources of energy in the world are coal, oil, natural gas, and more recently

nuclear energy.

While the aforesaid power generators use coal, oil & natural gas as their main fuel for energy production,

nuclear energy employs the technique of nuclear fission of uranium for electricity generation.

The availability of these natural resources in future & pollution are the main concerns.

Coal Plant Nuclear Plant

Natural Gas Plant

PROJECT BACKGROUNDWhy should the solar panel face the most illuminating source of light?

TO Increase Solar Panel Output

Maximize Power per unit Area

Provide Educational Demonstration of Renewable

Energy

Examples 1. Mars Rover 2. Hubble Telescope 3. International Space Station 4. Solar-Powered Homes

EXAMPLES

MARS ROVER HUBBLE TELESCOPE

EXAMPLES

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

SOLAR POWERED HOMES

Main Objectives

Position the Solar Panels so that they will acquire maximum energy from a light source.

Store the acquired energy into batteries, and use the batteries to control the rest of the system when the solar energy is absent.

In no-light or low-light conditions design the system to go into sleep mode so that energy is not wasted.

Design a visual display unit to display status information about the system.

Solar Panel Output

COMPARISON OF ENERGY SOURCES

Coal Oil Natural gas

Nuclear Hydel Wind Solar0

20

40

60

80

100

120Initial Investment Total Operating Cost Pollution Efficiency

WORKING PROCEDURE

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SOLAR TRACKER SOLVING ALGORITHM

FLOW CHART

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

The C programming language is a general – purpose programming language

C is not a big language and is not designed for any one particular area of application .

Its generality combined with its absence of restrictions makes C a convenient and effective programming solution for a wide variety of software tasks .

Many applications can be solved more easily and efficiently with C than with other more specialized languages.

The Cx51 Optimizing C Compiler is a complete

implementation of the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) standard for the C language .

Cx51 provides you with the flexibility of programming in C

and the code efficiency and speed of assembly language .

Since Cx51 is a cross compiler standard libraries are

altered or enhanced to address the peculiarities of an

embedded target processor.

OUR PROJECT:

Compatible with MCS-51® Products

8K Bytes of In-System

Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles

4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33

MHz

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

Features of AT89S52 microcontroller:

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology.

Compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out.

PROGRAM DUMPER

Block Diagram of 8051

Features of 8051 Architecture

O p tim ize d 8 b it C P U fo r co n tro l a p p lic a tio n s an d ex ten s iv e B o o lean

p ro cess in g ca p ab ilitie s .

6 4 K P ro g ra m M e m o ry ad d ress sp ace .

6 4 K D a ta M em o ry a d d re ss sp ace .

1 2 8 b y te s o f o n ch ip D a ta M e m o ry .

3 2 B i-d irec tio n a l a n d in d iv id u a lly ad d re ssa b le I/O lin e s .

T w o 1 6 b it tim e r/c o u n te rs .

F u ll D u p le x U A R T .

6 -so u rce / 5 -v ec to r in te rru p t s tru c tu re w ith p rio rity lev e ls .

O n c h ip c lo ck o sc illa to r.

LIGHT DETECTING RESISTOR

For a sensor, we’re interested in the light power that falls on a unit area, and how well the sensor converts that into a signal.

A common unit is the lux which measures apparent brightness (power multiplied by the human eye’s sensitivity).

1 lux of yellow light is about 0.0015 W/m2. 1 lux of green light (50% eff.) is 0.0029 W/m2. Sunlight corresponds to about 50,000 lux Artificial light typically 500-1000 lux

Simplest light sensor is an LDR (Light-Dependent Resistor). Optical characteristics close to human eye. Can be used to feed an A/D directly without amplification (one resistor in a

voltage divider). Common material is CdS

(Cadmium Sulphide) Sensitivity: dark 1 M,

10 lux 40 k,1000 lux 400 .

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER [ADC]

Features of ADC

Key Specifications R eso lu tio n 8 B its

T o ta l U n ad ju s te d E rro r ± 1 /2 L S B an d ± 1 L S B

S in g le S u p p ly 5 V D C

L o w P o w e r 1 5 m W

C o n v e rs io n T im e 1 0 0 µ s

0809ADC

Pin Number Description

1 IN3 - Analog Input 3





6 START - Start Conversion

7 EOC - End Of Conversion

8 2(-5) - Tri-State Output Bit 5

9 OUT EN - Output Enable

10 CLK - Clock

11 Vcc - Positive Supply

12 Vref+ - Positive Voltage Reference Input

13 GND - Ground



16 Vref- - Voltage Reference Negative Input






22 ALE - Address Latch Enable

23 ADD C - Address Input C

24 ADD B - Address Input B

25 ADD A - Address Input A




MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT

L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.

Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-circuits/h-bridge-motor-control

DC SERIES MOTOR

WHAT DOES DC SERIES MOTOR DO?

Like any other motor, series motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. Its operation is based on simple electromagnetic principle by which when the magnetic field created around a current carrying conductor interacts with an external magnetic field, a rotational motion is generated.

A typical DC motor layout is given in the following diagram:

FEATURES:

Rpm : 300 at 12vDC supply: 3 to 12VMetal Gears based GearboxOutput shaft: CentreTorque : 2 Kg-cmShaft diameter: 6 mm.Shaft length: 22 mm.Total length: 76 mm.Motor diameter: 38 mm.Mounting Nut Width: 8mmSame size motor available in various rpmHole with threading (internal) in shaft for fixing wheelNo-load current = 60 mA, Load current = 300 mA

The motor gives 300 RPM (maximum) at 12v although the motor runs smoothly from 3v to 12v range which will give a wide range of RPM and torque. Thus at 3v (the current is less too) the motor will be the slowest & torque minimum; because the speed of motor is directly proportional to supply voltage & torque is proportional to current.

ADVANTAGES

• Huge starting torque • Simple Construction • Designing is easy • Maintenance is easy • Cost effective

APPLICATIONS Series Motors can generate huge turning force, the torque, from its idle state. This characteristic makes series motors suitable for small electrical appliances, mobile electric equipments, hoists, winches etc. Series motors are not suitable when a constant speed is required. The reason is that the speed of series motors varies greatly with varying load. Regulating the speed of series motors is also not an easy process to implement.

LCD DISPLAY

INTERFACE WITH 4-BIT/8-BIT MICROPROCESSOR.

DISPLAY DATA RAM [80 CHARACTERS].

CHARACTER GENERATOR ROM [160 CHARACTERS].

BUILT-IN RESET CIRCUIT IS TRIGGERED AT POWER ON.

16 PINS.

P ro jec t C o d in g

/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

P ro je c t : S u n tra c k - -S u n T ra c k in g S o la r P a n e l.

V e rs io n : 1 .0

A u th o r: 1 .M O IZ U D D IN .g

2 . R A J K U M A R .n

3 . S U F Y A N .b

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * /

# in c lu d e < p 8 9 v 5 1 rd 2 .h >

# in c lu d e " A d c V 1 .h " / / O n P 1 & P 2

# in c lu d e " L c d V 2 .h "

# in c lu d e " V e rV 1 .h " / / N o P o rt

u n s ig n e d c h a r g u c S e n s o rV a lu e [4 ] ;

u n s ig n e d c h a r g u c P re se n t = 0 ;

v o id F o rw a rd S te p (v o id ) ;

v o id R e v e rse S te p (v o id ) ;

u n s ig n e d c h a r F in d M a x L d r(v o id ) ;

v o id R o ta te (u n s ig n e d c h a r u c M a x );

v o id m a in (v o id )

{

u n s ig n e d in ti = 0 ,

j = 0 ;

u n s ig n e d c h a r u c A d d rC o u n te r = 0 ,

u n s ig n e d c h a r u c A d d rC o u n te r = 0 ,

u c A sc ii[4 ];

u n s ig n e d c h a r u c M a x ;

IE = 0 x 9 3 ;

w h ile (1 )

{

fo r(u c A d d rC o u n te r = 0 ; u c A d d rC o u n te r< 3 ; u c A d d rC o u n te r+ + )

{

R e a d S e n so rD a ta (u c A d d rC o u n te r , & g u c S e n so rV a lu e [u c A d d rC o u n te r]) ;

T o A sc iiD e c im a l(g u c S e n so rV a lu e [u c A d d rC o u n te r],& u c A sc ii[0 ]);

L c d In it() ;

sw itc h (u c A d d rC o u n te r)

{

c a se L D R 0 :

L c d P u ts (" L D R 0 V a lu e : " ) ;

L c d C m d (N E W _ L IN E );

L c d P u ts (" " ) ;

L c d P u tc (u c A sc ii[0 ]) ;



b re a k ;

c a se L D R 1 :



L c d P u ts (" " ) ;




b re a k ;

c a se L D R 2 :



L c d P u ts (" " ) ;




b re a k ;

/* c a se L D R 3 :



L c d P u ts (" " ) ;




b re a k ;

* /

d e fa u lt :

b re a k ;

} /* E n d o f S w itc h * /

fo r( j = 0 ; j < 4 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

} /* E n d o f fo r(se n so r) * /

L c d In it() ;

u c A sc ii[0 ] = ' ';

u c A sc ii[1 ] = ' ';

u c A sc ii[2 ] = ' ';

u c M a x = F in d M a x L d r();

T o A sc iiD e c im a l(u c M a x , u c A sc ii);

L c d P u ts (" M a x is :" ) ;




fo r( i = 0 ; i< 4 0 0 0 0 ; i+ + );

R o ta te (u c M a x );

} /* E n d o f W h ile (1 ) * /

} /* E n d o f M a in () * /

/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * /

v o id R e v e rse S te p (v o id )

{

u n s ig n e d in t j;

u n s ig n e d in ti;

fo r( i = 0 ; i< 3 ; i+ + )

{

P 2 = 0 X 6 6 ;

fo r(j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

P 2 = 0 X C C ;

fo r(j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

P 2 = 0 X 9 9 ;

fo r(j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

P 2 = 0 X 3 3 ;

fo r( j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

}

}

/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * /

v o id F o rw a rd S te p (v o id )

{

u n s ig n e d in t j;

u n s ig n e d in ti;

fo r( i = 0 ; i< 3 ; i+ + )

{

P 2 = 0 X 3 3 ;

fo r(j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

P 2 = 0 X 9 9 ;

fo r(j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

P 2 = 0 X C C ;

fo r(j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

P 2 = 0 X 6 6 ;

fo r( j = 0 ; j < 2 0 0 0 0 ; j+ + );

}

}

/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * /

u n s ig n e d c h a r F in d M a x L d r(v o id )

{

u n s ig n e d c h a r i ;

u n s ig n e d c h a r u c M a x ;

u c M a x = 0 ;

fo r(i = 1 ; i< 3 ; i+ + )

{

i f(g u c S e n so rV a lu e [i] > g u c S e n so rV a lu e [u c M a x ])

{

u c M a x = i;

}

}

re tu rn u c M a x ;

}

/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * /

v o id R o ta te (u n s ig n e d c h a r u c M a x )

{

if(u c M a x = = g u c P re se n t)

re tu rn ;

i f(u c M a x > g u c P re se n t)

{

w h ile (g u c P re se n t != u c M a x )

{

F o rw a rd S te p () ;

g u c P re se n t+ + ;

}

}

e lse

{

w h ile (g u c P re se n t != u c M a x )

{

R e v e rse S te p () ;

g u c P re se n t--;

}

}

}

APPLICATIONS

Used in satellites as source of fuel.Used in solar thermal collector to collect heat.Used in water heaters.Used in heat extinguishers.Used in solar power plants.Used in inverters[AC-DC].Used in solar water pumps.

DRAWBACKS

Tracker is affected by temporal variations in atmospheric refractions caused by rain,cloud etc.This leads to wrong positioning of solar panel.

ADVANTAGES

The solar tracker system provides numerous applications in the field of industrial, infrastructural as well as agricultural sectors, both private and public purposes.

Its main application lies in the industrial processes like energy stations and powerhouses for the production of electricity. Moreover, it also find its applications in pool filtration systems, in agriculture for irrigation methods and solar water heating systems

CONCLUSION

To collect greatest amount of energy from sun, solar panels must be aligned orthogonally to sun.

For this purpose a new solar tracking technique based on micro-controller was implemented and tested in this study.