Slide 1

Group 4

Memory and Forgetting

Memory

Memory

refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve information.

It is the storage of learned information for retrieval and future use.Fundamental component of daily life.

Three major processes involved in memory:

Encodingconverting information into a form that can be entered and stored in the memory.

Storagethe process whereby encoded information is retained for later/future use.

Encoding Converting information into a form that can be entered and stored in the memory.Storage - process by which information is stored in the memory and that information can be used in later/future use.

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Three major processes involved in memory:

Retrievalthe process whereby a stored memory is brought into conscious awareness.

Retrieval the process whereby a stored memory is brought into conscious awareness.6

Two basic divisions of memory

Procedural Memories

Physically-based motor skills.Conducted-via the cerebellum

Procedural & Declarative memories - 7

Two basic divisions of memory

Declarative Memories

Are knowledge-or incident-based (aka Facts & Episodes)Conducted via the locus coeruleus.

Declarative Memories knowledge or incident based8

Two sub-categories of Declarative memory Episodic MemoriesSemantic Memories

Experienced episodes in your life.

Are General Knowledge or learned without personal experience.

Four general stages of Memory:

EncodingInitial process of inputs through sensory system.

Encoding inputs are processed through sensory system. i.e. ears, eyes, nose, touch, taste (when the stimulus is sensed it is translated into a form that the brain can understand.10

Four general stages of Memory:

Storage

Attention is focused on the stimulus which results in it being stored in memory area.

Four general stages of Memory:

RetrievalStored memory is recalled from a memory area and used by working memory to recreate the experience.

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Four general stages of Memory:

RestorageAfter use by working memory, the memory must be stored in a memory area or it is lost.

Sequential category levels of memory:Sensory memory

~ Used in encoding stage.~ Stimulus is brought to the brain via one of any of the sensory systems (five senses)~ it last about half a second in duration.~ Exists for each sensory channel:Iconic Memory, Echoic Memory, and Haptic Memory.

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Sequential category levels of memory:Iconic memory

for visual stimuli

Sequential category levels of memory:Echoic memory

For aural stimuli/auditory memory

Sequential category levels of memory:Haptic memory

For touch

Sequential category levels of memory:

Short-term memory (STM)~ Beginning of storage stage.~ Typically lasts up to 30 seconds without needing a rehearsal or repeated sensation.~Stores items by meaning, called bits.~ Capacity of STM memory is 7 bits (plus/minus 2).~ LTP (Long-term Potentiation): a process of elaborate rehearsal of short-term memory to a long-term memory.~ also considered to be working memory.

Sequential category levels of memory:Long-term memory

~ Final stage of storage.~ Perception in short-term memory will be moved to long term memory with enough rehearsal.~ have no bounds and unlimited.

Two types of memory recollection

Recognition~ is simply detecting that two items go together.

Recall~ retrieval of memories.

Physical Structure of Memory:

~ A protein transcription factor.~ it binds to certain sequence of cAMP Response Elements in DNA & increase or decreases the transcription of certain genes.

cAMP Response Element binding (CREB)

Physical Structure of Memory:

N-methyl-D-aspartate cell (NMDA)

Used to trigger memory allocation. NMDA cell receives a molecule of glutamate along with regular neurotransmitters and it gets excited (triggered).

7. Memory is context dependent6. Memory is state dependent Basic Factors Affecting Memory 1. Attention2. Concepts3. Personal Attitudes and Biases4. Perspectives5. Perceptions

Forgetting

Forgetting~ failure in memory retrieval.

The ebbinghaus forgetting curve

MemoryTime remembered (days)654321

I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand. Confucius25

The ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Hermann Ebbinghaus (January 24, 1850 - February 26, 1909)a psychologist, first to study forgetting.

Revealed a relationship between forgetting and time. Showed forgetting does not continue to decline until all of the information is lost.

The ebbinghaus forgetting curve

MemoryTime remembered (days)654321

Reasons forForgettingInformation

- occurs in sensory and short term memory.- Memory trace is created every time a new theory is formed.- Over time, memory traces begin to fade and disappear & information is not retrieved & rehearsed, it will eventually be lost.- Forgetting due to memories fading over time.four major reasons why people forget:1 . Retrieval Failure- Inability to retrieve a memory.Decay Theory

Four major reasons why people forget:According to Susan Loftus the 4 major reasons why people forget are: retrieval failure, interference, failure to store & motivated forgetting.29

- Hindrance of new information because of other information learned before or after the new information.four major reasons why people forget:2 . InterferenceInterference Theory- suggests that some memories compete and interfere with other memories.

Interference: 30

four major reasons why people forget:Two basic types of Interference:

2 basic types of interference:Proactive interferenceRetroactive interference

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four major reasons why people forget:3 . Failure to Store- We forget information because it never actually made it into long-term memory. Encoding failures sometimes prevent information from entering long-term memory.

4 . Motivated Forgettingfour major reasons why people forget:- We forget memories because of traumatic or disturbing events or experiences.

four major reasons why people forget:Two basic forms of motivated forgetting:

Memorization TechniqueChunking- useful tool for overcoming the limits of short-term memory. Taking small bits of meaning and grouping them together in larger bits of meaning.829-7498

8-29-74-98

The Method of LociMemorization Technique- Recall of any information is accompanied by visualizing each place or location and retrieving the contents of the place or location.LociA latin word locus which means places (or location).

~ also known as the memory palace.

Rote MemorizationMemorization Technique- Most used memory technique. Most difficult method for your brain to store the memory correctly. - Learning by repetition.

Memorization TechniqueThink of pictures to memorize- Photographic memories think in pictures.

Phases of the Moon

Beginning

Decending

MnemonicsMemorization Technique- Are memory aids. Method to memorize a list of items saying out of the first letters of each item in the list.

- Derived from the ancient greek word mnemonikos, meaning of memory and is related to Mnemosyne (remembrance), the name of the goddess of memory in Greek mythology. Both of these words are derived from mnm, "remembrance, memory"

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Knuckle mnemonic for the number of days in each month of the Gregorian Calendar. Each projecting knuckle represents a 31-day month.

MnemonicsACRONYMS- Using each first letter from a group of words to form a new word.

SENTENCES/ACROSTICSMnemonics- Using each first letter from a group of words to form a new sentence.My Dear Aunt Sally (mathematical order of operations: Multiply and Divide before you Add and SubtractKing Phil Came Over for the Genes Special ( Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species)

Rhymes and SongsMemorization TechniqueRain, rain, go away,Come again another day;Little Garrett wants to play.

Rain, rain, go away,Come again another day.Rain, rain, go to Spain.Never show your face again.