Psychology of LearningEXP4404

Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting

Dr. Steve

Topics Covered

Stage Model of Memory Semantic Models of Memory Theories of Forgetting Memory Disorders Applications of Memory Research Memory Strategies

Stage Model of Memory

Deca

y

Disp

lace

ment

Retrie

val

Failu

re

Rehearsa

l

Atkinson & Shiffrin

Sensory Memory

Stage Model of Memory

Sperling experiment demonstrates that . . .

Short Term Memory

Encoding Storage Retrieval

Serial Position Effect Primacy Effect Recency Effect

Stage Model of Memory

Encoding and Remembering

Maintenance Rehearsal

Elaborative Rehearsal Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)

Shallow Deep

Von Restorff Effect

Stage Model of Memory

Stage Model of Memory

Long Term Memory Declarative Memory

Semantic Memory

Episodic Memory

Nondeclarative Memory

Procedural Memory

Stage Model of Memory

Semantic Network Models

Hierarchical Networks

RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972)

Animal•Has skin•Can move around•Eats•Breaths

Bird Fish•Has fins•Can swim•Has gills

•Has wings•Can fly•Has feathers

Canary •Can sing•Is yellow

Penguin •Is black & white•Can’t fly

Shark •Can bite•Is dangerous

Salmon•Is pink•Is edible•Swims upstream

Spreading Activation Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . .

Demonstrated with priming effect experiments

Semantic Network Models

spoon

fork

knife

toolssaw

hands arms

fingers toes

hammer

nails

Semantic Models

Category Clustering

Forgetting

Ebbinghaus Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)

Forgetting

Theories of Forgetting Decay Theory

Interference

Proactive

Retroactive

Forgetting

Variables affecting interference: Meaningfulness of material

Similarity of material

Time between learning and recall

Memory Disorders

Amnesia May be caused by damage to the limbic system

(specifically Hippocampus). Case of HM –

Suffered from: Moderate retrograde amnesia Severe anterograde amnesia

Memory Disorders

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia Case of 59 yr old man

Memory Disorders

Alzheimer’s Disease

Applications: Foraging

Organisms may be less likely to forget information when it is important for survival

Applications: Eyewitness Testimony

Loftus & Palmer

Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are accessed

Study:

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding Specificity)

State-Dependent Learning

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Massed vs. Distributed Practice

Fatigue

Consolidation

Differential Encoding Hypothesis

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Generation Effects

Overlearning

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Method of Loci

First noted as technique by ancient Greeks

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Keyword Technique

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Other Mnemonics

Musical staff Biological categorizations Mathematical order of functions I before E, except after C 30 days has November, April, June, and September

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Pegword

To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter, soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce)

One is a bun – egg resting on a bun Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple Three is a tree – a butter tree Four is a door – coke logo on a door Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Chunking

Memory Techniques and Strategies

Narrative Chaining

Make a story with the following word list: Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie

Amazing Feats of Memory Video