Management of soft rot (erwinia caratovora subsp. caratovora) of tomato through spent mushroom compost

Management of soft rot (Erwinia caratovora subsp. caratovora) of Tomato through Spent Mushroom

Compost

Muhammad Rizwan Liaqat

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD (PAKISTAN)

INTRODUCTION

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

Important vegetable belonging to the family Solanaceae and subfamily solanoideae (Taylor, 1986).

Nutritious and a medium sized tomato provide 57% vitamin C, 25% vitamin A and 8% iron of the RDA, recommended daily allotment having 35 calories.

Statistics

Area (hac) Production (tones) ton/hac

Pakistan 53400 651900 10.5

KP 16500 161800 9.8

(MINFAL, 2008-2009)

Production (tonnes)

ChinaUSATurkeyIndiaPakistan

33,911,702

13,718,171

10,985,355

10,303,000

536,217

FAO (2008).

Reasons for Low Production

Lack of good quality seed Fertility of the soil Insect, pest attack Diseases (fungal, bacterial, viral and nematodes) Among bacterial diseases soft rot is an important disease

caused by Erwinia caratovora subsp. caratovora.

The pathogen

Erwinia carotovora subsp. caratovora (Ecc) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium.

Found mostly in tropical and warm regions.

Symptoms

Water soaked, sunken and dark in color than adjoining healthy tissues.

Pale cloudy fluid leak from breaks in the plant tissues. Decaying tissues are white cream color and opaque rotted

putrid stink.

Control Options

Cu based fungicides and antibiotics can be used for the control of soft rot disease.

Fungicides and antibiotics have some limitations. An alternate control strategy, including use of spent

mushroom compost is needed.

Spent mushroom compost (SMC)

SMC are organic substrates remain after mushroom crop harvest.

SMC suppress plant diseases is one of the methods can be used for plant disease control.

SMC improving crops yield, quality and plant disease management.

SMC has been found to be a good medium for the growth of vegetable and field crops.

Justification for SMC

Spent compost of button compost could be used for plant diseases management (Ahlawat et al 2007)

Aqueous extracts of SMC contain antimicrobial properties (Yohalem et al 2004)

SMC suppress plant diseases and trigger a natural disease suppression system in plants (Sagar et al 2009).

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of spent mushroom compost in controlling bacterial soft rot of tomato.

To investigate the effect of methods of application (root dip and powder mixing in soil) of spent mushroom compost in controlling bacterial soft rot of tomato.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling of diseased specimens Isolation of bacteria

Identification of the pathogen

Cultural characteristics Biochemical tests Pathogenicity test

Preparation of spent mushroom compost

SMC of button and oyster mushrooms were obtained from mushroom house.

Composts (oyster 2011, button 2010 and button 2011) were oven dried.

Ground to make powder in animal nutrition department, faculty of animal husbandry and veterinary sciences.

Laboratory studies

Powders of SMC were soaked for 24 hours in distilled water at the rate of 10, 20 and 30g/100ml.

Paper discs were dipped and soaked in each concentrated SMC extracts for 24 hours.

Antibiotics tetracycline (250 ppm) and streptomycin (500 ppm) were used as standard.

Screen house studies

Tomato nursery was produced by sowing tomato seeds. Prepared 5x109 cfu/ml bacterial suspension (A540=0.52).

Seedlings root were dipped inoculated with bacterial suspension.

Inoculated seedlings were root-dipped in SMC extracts (10, 20 and 30) g/100ml.

SMC applied and mixed with soil at the rate of 50g, 100g and 150g/pot.

Control plants with no SM compost were also included.

Parameters

1) Disease severity (%) 5) Root weight (g)

2) Number of fruits/plant 6) Weight of fresh plant (g)

3) Plant height (inches) 7) Root length (inches)

4) Number of shoots/plant 8) Dry plant weight (g)

Data collection Data analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Identification and characterization of Ecc

Inhibition zones (mm)

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts 0.28

LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 0.40

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts x composts 0.70

Extract Compost Mean

Oyster

2011

Button

2010

Button

2011

Streptomycin

antibiotic

Tetracycline

antibioticControl

E1 (10g/100ml) 0.0 D 0.0 D 0.33 D 1.33 BC 1.1 C 0.0 D 0.47 C

E2 (20g/100ml) 0.0 D 1.5 BC 1.8 ABC 1.6 BC 1.6 BC 0.0 D 1.1 B

E3 (30g/100ml) 1.1 C 1.8ABC 2.5 A 1.6 BC 2.0 A 0.0 D 1.5 A

Mean 0.39 C 1.1 B 1.5 A 1.5 A 1.6 A 0.0 C

LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 15.27 LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 10.8

Disease Severity (%)

Mean comparison of SMC

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts 13.22 LSD value at P< 0.05 for powder 9.35

Mean comparison of SMC Doses

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts x composts 26.45 LSD value at P< 0.05 for powder x composts 18.7

Mean comparison of interactions

LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 0.56 LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 0.58

Mean comparison of SMC

Number of fruits/plant

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts 0.48 LSD value at P< 0.05 for powder 0.50

Comparison of SMC Doses

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts x composts 0.97 LSD value at P< 0.05 for powder x composts 1.01

Comparison of Interactions

Plant Height (inches)

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts 0.52LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 0.60LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts x composts 1.05

LSD value at P< 0.05 for powder 0.57LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 0.66LSD value at P< 0.05 for powder x composts 1.15


Oyster 2011 Button 2010 Button 2011 Control

E1 (10g/100ml) 27.66 D 27.66 D 29.33 BC 24.66 E 27.33 C

E2 (20g/100ml) 29.33 BC 28.66 CD 30.33 B 24.66 E 28.25 B

E3 (30g/100ml) 30.33 B 30.0 B 32.33 A 24.66 E 29.33 A

Mean 29.11 B 28.77 B 30.66 A 24.66 C

Powder Compost Mean


P1 (50g/pot) 27.66 D 27.33 D 31.00 B 25.66 E 27.91 C

P2 (100g/pot) 29.33 C 29.66 C 31.00 B 26.00 E 29.00 B

P3 (150g/pot) 29.66 C 31.66 B 33.66 A 25.00 E 30.00 A

Mean 28.88 B 29.55 B 31.88 A 25.55 C

Number of shoots





E1 (10g/100ml) 8.33 CD 8.66 C 8.66 C 7.66 D 8.33 C

E2 (20g/100ml) 8.66 C 9.66 B 10.33 B 7.66 D 9.08 B

E3 (30g/100ml) 9.66 B 10.33 B 11.33 A 7.66 D 9.75 A

Mean 8.88 B 9.55 A 10.11 A 7.66 C

Powder Compost Mean


P1 (50g/pot) 8.66 DE 9.33 CD 9.66 CD 7.66 EF 8.83 B

P2 (100g/pot) 9.33 CD 10.00 C 10.33 BC 7.33 F 9.25 B

P3 (150g/pot) 10.33 BC 11.33 AB 12.00 A 7.00 F 10.16 A

Mean 9.44 B 10.22 A 10. 66 A 7.33 C

Plant weight (g)





E1 (10g/100ml) 48.9 F 56.0 CD 59.4 C 45.26 F 52.39 C

E2 (20g/100ml) 50.2 EF 60.40 C 69.3 B 45.26 F 56.29 B

E3 (30g/100ml) 54.06 DE 66.56 B 75.5 A 45.26 F 60.35 A

Mean 51.05 C 60.98 B 68.06 A 45.26 D

Powder Compost Mean


P1 (50g/pot) 61.53 DE 59.06 EF 69.16 BCD 51.50 F 60.31 C

P2 (100g/pot) 63.93 CDE 69.00 BCD 77.86 AB 50.93 F 65.43 B

P3 (150g/pot) 70.60 BC 77.03 AB 81.56 A 51.33 F 70.13 A

Mean 65.35 C 68.36 B 76.20 A 51.25 C

Root length (inches)





E1 (10g/100ml) 4.56 CD 4.46 CD 4.73 C 4.03 D 4.45 C

E2 (20g/100ml) 4.73 C 4.76 C 5.46 B 4.03 D 4.75 B

E3 (30g/100ml) 5.40 B 5.93 AB 6.33 A 4.03 D 5.42 A

Mean 4.90 B 5.05 B 5.51 A 4.03 C

Powder Compost Mean


P1 (50g/pot) 5.03 F 5.33 DEF 5.06 EF 4.03 G 4.86 B

P2 (100g/pot) 5.23 DEF 5.76 BCD 6.06 BC 3.93 G 5.16 B

P3 (150g/pot) 5.66 CDE 6.33 AB 6.83 A 3.60 G 5.69 A

Mean 5.31 B 5.81 A 5.98 A 3.85 C

Root weight (g)

LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts 0.11LSD value at P< 0.05 for composts 0.12LSD value at P< 0.05 for extracts x compost 0.22




E1 (10g/100ml) 2.93 EF 3.13 DE 3.23 D 2.9 F 3.05 C

E2 (20g/100ml) 3.13 DE 3.3 D 3.56 C 2.9 F 3.22 B

E3 (30g/100ml) 3.8 B 3.73 BC 4.03 A 2.9 F 3.61 A

Mean 3.28 B 3.38 B 3.61 A 2.9 C

Powder Compost Mean


P1 (50g/pot) 3.33 EF 3.46 DEF 3.76 BCD 3.16 F 3.43 B

P2 (100g/pot) 3.63 CDE 3.66 BCDE 4.03 BC 3.5 DEF 3.70 A

P3 (150g/pot) 3.96 ABC 4.00 ABC 4.33 A 3.13 F 3.85 A

Mean 3.64 B 3.71 B 4.04 A 3.26 C

Dry plant weight (g)





E1 (10g/100ml) 19.13 E 19.53 E 21.33 D 18.43 E 19.6 C

E2 (20g/100ml) 19.4 E 21.26 D 24.63 B 18.43 E 20.93 B

E3 (30g/100ml) 23.26 BC 23.13 C 26.36 A 18.43 E 22.8 A

Mean 20.6 B 21.31 B 24.11 A 18.43 C

Powder Compost Mean


P1 (50g/pot) 24.86 E 24.83 E 28.46 CD 21.00 F 24.79 C

P2 (100g/pot) 28.06 CD 27.16 D 30.23 AB 21.00 F 26.61 B

P3 (150g/pot) 29.73 BC 30.20 AB 31.53 A 21.00 F 28.10 A

Mean 27.55 B 27.40 B 30.07 A 20.97 C

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

All SMC found to be effective in controlling soft rot. Button compost 2011, extracts 30g and 20g/100ml

showed maximum zone of inhibition. In screen house, button compost 2011 found to be best

in reducing disease severity. SMC in powder form proved to be more effective in

reducing disease severity than extract.

Recommendations

Button compost should be used as a component of integrated disease management (IDM).

SMC can be used either powder dosage or aqueous extracts for disease control.

In powder form SMC should be applied to soil at a rate of 75g/kg for disease control.

Further research is needed to analyze chemical composition of SMC in order to control plant diseases.

THANKS

Education

Management of soft rot (erwinia caratovora subsp. caratovora) of tomato through spent mushroom compost