KOTLA MUBARAKPUR

SUBMITTED BY:ACHINT MIGLANIANUBHAV KAPOOR

CHAYAN KHURANA

MANNAT GUPTASAMARITI DAHIYA

INTRODUCTION

URBAN VILLAGE

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VILLAGES OF DELHI

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ACCORDING TO CENSUS DATA FROM 2001, DELHI’S URBANIZATION LEVEL WAS 93.01 PER CENT, AND NUMEROUS STUDIES AND GOVERNMENTS DOCUMENTS REVEAL THAT MORE THAN HALF OF THESE RESIDENTS LIVE IN UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS.

“URBAN VILLAGE TYPICALLY WOULD MEAN A WELL-PLANNED SET-UP WITH A VILLAGE-CONCEPT OF BEING FAIRLY SELF-SUFFICIENT AND NOT HAVING THE NEED TO TRAVEL LONG DISTANCES TO GET DAILY THINGS DONE. WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT, PERHAPS, IS THAT IT’S INTENDED TO TACKLE THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING POPULATION IN CITIES.”

RURAL VILLAGES: 227 RURAL POPULATION: 6.82% IN 37.64% OF LAND URBANIZED VILLAGES: 135 URBAN POPULATION: 8.47 MILLION IN 1991 TO 16.75 MILLION IN 2011 (MORE THAN

55% GROWTH) PUTTING PRESSURE AND INCREASING RISKS. GOVERNMENT IN THE PROCESS TO URBANIZE THE RURAL VILLAGES TO REDUCE

MIGRATION AND PRESSURE THUS INSTIGATING SPRAWL. UNPLANNED AND HAPHAZARD URBAN GROWTH.

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INTRODUCTION KOTLA MUBARAKPUR WAS A MEDIEVAL VILLAGE SETTLED IN THE 15TH CENTURY IN THE

PRESENT SOUTH DELHI. IT IS A HISTORICAL COMPLEX WITH TOMBS OF RULERS AND GOVERNORS FROM SAYYID AND

LODHI DYNASTY. TODAY IT IS A BUSTLING MARKETPLACE AND A DENSELY POPULATED URBAN VILLAGE.

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COMMUNITY KUSUMPUR PAHARI

LOCATION KOTLA MUBARAKPUR: MEDIEVAL VILLAGE IN ZONE D. CLASSIFIED BY DDA AS URBAN VILLAGE IN 1971.

ORIGIN SPORADIC LAND ENCROACHMENT

AREA 96 ACRES

POPULATION 27,000 (2011)

DENSITY 710 PPH

KEY SOURCES OF EMPLYOMENT DOMESTIC WORK IN DEFENSE COLONY AND SOUTH EXTENSION. SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISE. PAID WORK OUTSIDE COMMUNITY.

LOCALITIES KOTLA, PILANJI, KHAIRPUR, ALIGANJ AND JODBAGH.

CLASSIFIED BY THE DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (D.D.A.) AS AN URBAN VILLAGE, ITS HISTORY CAN BE TRACED TO THE PROMINENT TOMB OF MUIZUD DIN MUBARAK SHAH, SON OF KHIZR KHAN OF THE SAYYID DYNASTY OF THE 15TH CENTURY.

URBAN PLANNING URBAN PLANNING IS A TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL PROCESS CONCERNED WITH THE

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF LAND, PROTECTION AND USE OF THE ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC WELFARE, AND THE DESIGN OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING AIR, WATER, AND THE INFRASTRUCTURE PASSING INTO AND OUT OFURBAN AREAS, SUCH AS TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS.

LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

METRO AND RAILWAY STATIONS

ROAD NETWORK

BUS STANDS

MAHATAMA GANDHI MARG (24 M WIDE)PRIMARY ROAD

BHISHMA PITAMAG MARG (18 M WIDE) SECONDARY ROAD

THERE ARE TWO MAJOR BUS STANDS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY.

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JANGPURA METRO STATION (2.5 KM)

LAJPAT NAGAR METRO STATION (2 KM)

LOCATION

MAP OF DELHI LOCATING KOTLA MUBARAKPUR

MAP OF SOUTH EXTENSION LOCATING KOTLA MUBARKPUR

LOCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE KOTLA MUBARAKPURIS SURROUNDED BY POSH COLONIES ( DEFENCE

COLONTY) AND MARKETS WHICH GENERATE EMPLOYMENT OPPURTUNITIES FOR THE PEOPLE LIVING THERE LIKE HOUSE MAIDS, DRIVERS, SERVANTS, SECURITY GAURDS ETC.

KOTLA MUBARAKPUR

SEWA NAGAR RAILWAY STATION (0.8 KM)

LODHI COLONY RAILWAY STATION (3 KM)12

SUKHDEV MARKET BUS STOP (0.3 KM)DEFENCE COLONY BUS STOP (0.5 KM)

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ACCESSIBILITY KOTLA MUBARAKPUR VILLAGE IS LOCATED NEAR DEFENCE COLONY IN

SOUTH EX, NEW DELHI. THE SETTLEMENT IS BEEN THERE FROM THE 15TH CENTURY, LODHI

DYNASTY. THE VILLAGE IS SURROUNDED BY POSH COLONIES AND POSH MARKETS.

NEIGHBOURHOOD AND LANDMARKS

NEIGHBOURHOOD LANDMARKS

SAFDARJUNG HOSPITAL (4.2 KM)

AIIMS (3.2 KM)

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU STADIUM (1.5 KM)

SAFDARGANJ AIRPORT AUTHORITY (2.4KM)

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TODAY KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS SURROUNDED BY POSH LOCALITIES SUCH AS DEFENCE COLONY ON THE EAST, SOUTH EXTENSION PART 1 ON THE SOUTH, KIDWAI NAGAR ON THE WEST AND LODHI ESTATE ON THE NORTH.

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INFERENCE THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR HELPS TO GENERATE JOB

OPPURTUNITIES FOR THE PEOPLE LIVING THERE. FOR EXAMPLE EMPLOYMENT IN HOUSES AS DRIVERS, HOUSE MAIDS ETC.

HISTORY

EVOLUTION

AREAS INHABITED BY DISPLACED PEOPLE POST INDIA‐PAKISTAN PARTITION (1947).

KOTLA, THE OLDEST SETTLEMENT WHICH ORIGINATED IN THE 15TH CENTURY.

THE ALIGANJ & PILANJI GROUP OF SETTLEMENT, FORMED BY FAMILIES REHABILITATED AFTER EVICTION FROM AREAS WHICH WERE ACQUIRED FOR THE NEW DELHI CAPITAL PROJECT.

AREAS INHABITED BY GROUPS OF MIGRANTS WHO CAME TO DELHI MAINLY AS LABOURERS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECT (1911‐47).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

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15TH CENTURY 17TH CENTURY (1911 47)‐ (1947)

C KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS AN URBAN VILLAGE LIKE MEHRAULI AROUND WHICH THE SPRAWLING, MODERN COMMERCIAL DISTRICT OF SOUTH EX AND PRIME

RESIDENTIAL AREAS LIKE DEFENCE COLONY HAS GROWN UP. THE ORIGINAL VILLAGE DATES BACK TO THE SAYYID ERA WHICH WAS A SHORT LIVED ONE THAT FOLLOWED THE TUGHLAQS BUT WAS SOON OVERTHROWN BY THE

LODHIS IN THE 15TH CENTURY. MOST OF THE SURVIVING MONUMENTS ARE FROM THE SAYYID AND LODHI ERA.

BASE MAP

RING ROADBI

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TAM

A RO

AD

GURD

WAR

A RO

AD

SOUTH-EX MARKET

LANDUSE PATTERN

INFERENCE: IT HAS A MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT PATTERN. THE LOCALITY IS BASICALLY RESIDENTIAL ZONE WITH MARKETS TO

SUPPORT THE DAILY NEEDS. IT HAS NO PARKS OR

OPEN RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY CENTRE DEDICATED TO THE COMMUNITY APART FROM SOME MONUMENTS AND THEIR SURROUNDING ENVELOPE.

COMMERCIAL AREA

RESIDENTIAL AREA OPEN SPACES

SOUTH-EX MARKET

TEMPLES

MIXED USERESIDENTIALOPEN SPACESTEMPLESSOUTH-EX MARKET

LEGEND

CIRCULATION PATTERN

MOTORABLE CIRCULATION THE MAJOR ROADS ON WHICH THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR OF

KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS CONCENTRATED FOR EXAMPLE, GURDWARA ROAD, SHER SINGH ROAD ETC ARE ALL MOTARABLE.

THE WIDTH OF THE ROADS IS 8-10 M. ALL THE MOTARABLE ROADS ARE CEMENTED.

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION THE ROADS ON WHICH THE MAJOR MARKET SHOPS ARE NOT

PRESENT ARE ALL NON MOTARABLE AND INVOLVE PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION.

THE WIDTH OF THE ROADS IS 2.5-3.4 M.

PARKING NO OFFICAL SPACE FOR PARKING IS PROVIDED , THE RESIDENTS

PARK THEIR VEHICLES ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF THE VILLAGE. THE CONJESTION IN VEHICULAR MOVEMENT INCREASES

BEACAUSE OF THE SMALL WIDTH OF THE ROADS AND SOME PEOPLE PARK THEIR CARS ON THE MAJAOR MOTARABLE ROADS.

INFERENCE THERE IS NO PROPER CIRCULATION PATTERN IN THE AREA. THE WIDTH OF THE ROADS IS VERY LESS WHICH RESULTS IN CONJESTION OF THE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. BOTH THE PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR ROADS ARE IN A VERY BAD CONDITION.

PARKING

VEHICULARMOVEMENT

PRIMARY ROAD TERTIARY ROADSECONDARY ROAD

WEEKLY MARKETSTHE WEEKLY MARKETS IS ONLY ON MONDAYS BUT BLOCKS THE ENTIRE ROAD AND CREATES PROBLEMS FOR THE RESIDENTS.

VENDORSTHE VENDORS STAND ANY WHERE THEY WANT, IT CREATES CONJESTION ON THE ROADS AND HENCE TRAFFIC.

INFORMAL ACTIVITIESMANY PEOPLE HAVE MADE A TEMPORARY SHOP FOR THEM ON THE ROAD SIDE, WHICH IS ILLEGAL AND RDUCES THE ROAD WIDTH.

HEIRARCHY OF MOVEMENT PATTERN

7-8 METERS 5-6 METERS2-3METERS

HOUSING TYPOLOGY

EVOLUTION OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY

STRUCTURAL STRENGTH BUILT & DESIGNED BY CONTRACTORS WITHOUT P

RIOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OR APPROVAL OF THE AUTHORITIES & COST CUTTING TECHNIQUES , THESE BUILDINGS CAN BE TERMED STRUCTURALLY UNSAFE.

INFERENCE URBAN GEOMETRY OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS COMPOSED

OF NARROW STREETS FLANKED WITH SHOPS ON EITHER SIDES & RESIDENCES UPSTAIRS IS A COMMON SITE. IT IS AN UNPLANNED MUSHROOM GROWTH WITH HETEROGENEOUS CHARACTERISTICS.

STRUCTURE

KACCHA CONSTRUCTION RCC CONSTRUCTION

PLANNING BUILDING HEIGHTS

THE HOUSEHOLD SIZE WAS BIG BECAUSE THERE WAS NO CONJESTION

THE HOUSEHOLD SIZE IS COMPARITIVELY SMALL TODAY BECAUSE OF INCREASE IN POPULATION

THE VERTICAL EXPANSION OF BUILDINGS WAS VERY LESS. THE MAXIMUM HEIGHTS UPTO G+1.

THE VERTICAL EXPANSION IS A COMMON PHENOMENA AND BUILDING HEIGHTS ARE UPTO G+4.

AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THEBUILDINGS THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDINGS LIES BETWEE

N 10 M TO 15 M. SOME OF THE STRUCTURES ARE SINGLE STOREYED ALSO.

DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO BUILDINGS IS VERY

LESS (1 M) ON THE PEDESTRIAN ROADS WHEREAS THE DISTANCE IS QUITE LARGE ON

VEHICULAR ROADS.

ADDITION :THERE WAS AN ADDITION TO THE SINGLE STOREY STRUCTURES, THE SINGLE STOREY STRUCTURES WERE CONVERTED INTO G+1.

TRANSITION IN CONSTRUCTION

EXISTING ADDITION

CONVERSION RECONSTRUCTION

COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL

THE ABOVE FIGURES DEPICT THE TRANSITION IN CONSTRUCTION IN THE VILLAGE OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR, IT DEPICTS THE EVOLUTION OF THE STRUCTURES FROM THE 16TH CENTURY WHEN THE SETTLEMENT BEGAN TILL THE PRESENT DATE.

EXISTING : THE EXISTING STRUCTURES WERE GENERALLY SINGLE STOREY.

CONVERSION :THE GROUND FLOORS WERE CONVERTED FROM A RESIDENTIAL USE TO COMMERCIAL USE FOR A MODE OF INCOME.

RECONSTRUCTION :FURTHER MORE FLOORS WERE ADDED TO THE STRUCTURES FOR RENTAL PURPOSES, AS IT SERVED AS A SOURCE OF IN COME.

INFERENCE : FOR MAX. POPULATION, PROPERTY RENT IS THE REASON FOR PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THEIR DWELLING AND THUS, THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME. THE PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DECREASEIN THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE BUILDING LESSS BECAUSE OF THE PROJECTING

BALCONIES. THE CONVERSION OF THE GROUND FLOORS TO COMMERCIAL USE IS ALSO FOR IN COME PURPOSES SUPPORTED BY RESIDENTIAL USE ON THE UPPER FLOORS.

IT WAS FOUND THAT THE NUMBER OF MALES OUTNUMBERS THE NUMBER OF FEMALES IN THE TOTAL COMPOSITION OF THE VILLAGE.

THIS HAS ALSO BEEN HIGHLIGHTED IN THE STUDY BY CAPLAN WHO SAYS THAT IN THE CASE OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, MALES ARE MORE IN NUMBER THAN FEMALES.

AS SHOWN IN TABLE, THERE ARE 57% MALE RESPONDENTS AS COMPARISON TO 43% FEMALE RESPONDENTS.

GENDER COMPOSITION

GENDER NUMBER PERCENTAGE

MALE 15241 57%

FEMALE 11708 43%

TOTAL 26949 100

MALES FEMALES

1971 1981 1991 2001 20110

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

THE CHART BELOW DEPICTS THE CHANGE IN TH POPULATION OF KOTLA MUBARKPUR OVER HE YEARS.

AS DEPICTED IN THE CHART THE POPULATION HAS INCREASED FROM 2,100 IN THE YEAR 1971 TO 27,00 IN THE YEAR 2011.

POPULATION

OCCUPATION PERCENTAGESERVICE 60%SELF-EMPLOYED 38%DAIRY ACTIVITY 2%

60%

38%

2%Service Self-employed Dairy activity

IT WAS FOUND OUT THAT FOR A MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION, THEIR JOBS ARE SERVICE SECTR BASED.

FOR MAX. POPULATION, PROPERTY RENT IS THE REASON FOR PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THEIR DWELLING AND THUS, THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME.

SMALL BUSINESSES FORM THE MAIN SHARE OF ALTERNATE INCOME.

OCCUPATION

DEMOGRAPHICS

HERITAGE

KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS A VILLAGE IN SOUTH DELHI, IT CONSISTS A NUMBER OF MONUMENTS BUT ARE NOT COMPACT IN ONE COMPOUND. THESE MONUMENTS ARE SCATTERED OVER THE DENSELY POPULATED AREAS OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS SUCH AS KIDWAI NAGAR EAST

AND SOUTH EXTENSION. THE ORIGINAL VILLAGE DATES BACK TO THE SAYYID ERA WHICH WAS A SHORT LIVED ONE THAT FOLLOWED THE TUGHLAQS BUT WAS SOON OVERTHROWN BY THE

LODHIS IN THE 15TH CENTURY. MOST OF THE SURVIVING MONUMENTS ARE FROM THE SAYYID AND LODHI ERA.

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PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

WATER SUPPLY WATER IS SUPPLIED TWO TIMES IN A DAY, MORNING AND EVENING,

THROGH SUPPLY LINES. THE RESIDENTS COMPLAINED THAT THE SUPPLY WATER IS NOT FIT FOR

DRINKUNG HENCE PEOPLE HAVE INSTALLED WATER PURIFIERS. THE COMMUNITY ALSO CONSISTS OF PRIVATE WATER PLANTS WHICH

SUPPLY WATER TO HOUSES IN CANS.

ELECTRICITY THERE IS A 24 HOUR ELECTRICAL SUPPLY IN KOTLA MUBARAKPUR, BUT

PEOPLE MENTIONED ABOUT SMALL POWER CUTS ELECTIRCITY IS SUPPLIED BY THE BSES. EACH AND EVERY HOUSEHOLDS CONSISTS OF ITS OWN PRIVATE METER. WIRES RUN ALONG THE STREETS IN A HAPHAZARD WAY, ALSO

TRANSFORMERS ARE INSTALLED ALONG THE STREETS.

SEWAGE AND DRAINAGE KOTLA MUBARAKPUR CONSISTS OF A PROPER SEWERAGE SYSTEM BUT DUE TO

INCREASE IN THE POPULATION THE LOAD ON THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM INCREASES WHICH RESULTS IN CHOKING.

WHENEVER CHOKING OCCURS THE GENERAL SCRETARY OF THE AREA COMPLAINS TO THE MCD AND THEN THE MCD OFFICIALS COME TO CLEAR THE BLOCKAGE.

GARBAGE THERE IS NO PROPER AREA WHICH IS DEFINED FOR DUMPING THE GARBGE. PEOPLE OFTEN DUMP GARBAGE INFRONT OF THEIR HOUSES ON THE STREETS. EVERY MORNING A MCD TRUCK COMES AND TO COLLECT ALL THE GARBAGE ON

THE STREETS. THE DUMPING OF GARBAGE ON THE STREETS CREATES A VERY UNHYGENIC

CONDITION FOR THE PEOPLE LIVING.

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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

EDUCATION THE VILLAGE OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR CONSISTS OF FOUR GOVERNMENT

SCHOOLS, ALL OF THEM ARE IN WORKING CONDITION RECENTLY ONE OF THE SCHOOLS HAVE BEEN CONVERTED INTO AN E-

SCHOOL. THE SCHOOLS ARE TILL PRIMARY ONLY, THERE ARE NO SECONDARY

SCHOOLS.

HEALTH CARE FACILITES NO HOSPITALS OR GOVERNMENTS CLINICS ARE PROVIDED IN THE VILLAGE,

THE NEAREST HOSPITAL BEING AIIMS. THE RESIDENTS COMMONLY USE AIIMSTHE COMMERCIAL AREA CONSISTS OF

SOME SMALL PRIVATE CLINICS.

PUBLIC TOILET FACILITY THERE WERE FIVE PUBLIC TOILETS WHICH WERE CONSTRUCTED BY THE

GOVERNMENT BUT THEY WERE BROKEN DOWN AND THE LAND WAS GIVEN TO VENDORS AND OTHER PEOPLE ON RENTAL BASIS ILLEGALLY.

RECENTLY MEENAKSHI LEKHI HAS PASSED THE CONTRUCTION OF TWO PUBLIC TOILETS IN THE LOCALITY.

OTHER PUBLIC SPACES THE OPEN AND GREEN SPACES IN KOTLA MUBARAKPUR ARE NOT SUFFICIENT

TO CATER THE POPULATION AND ARE ILL-MAINTAINED. THERE ARE NO FUNCTIONAL PARKS OR OPEN RECREATIONAL SPACE FOR

PUBLIC IN THE LOCALITY.

1. ICCHA – THE DESIRE, KOTLA MUBARAKPUR EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE NGO TIME SPAN – 2011 TILL PRESENT

NGO’s – NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS

PROVIDED BEST POSSIBLE TREATMENT AND CARE; BUILDING BRIDGES BETWEEN MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND FAMILIES; SHARING INFORMATION AND EXPERIENCE; ACCESSING ADVANCES IN TREATMENT FROM AROUND THE WORLD.

PROVIDED AND FACILITATED ECONOMIC SUPPORT SO THAT AS FEW CHILDREN AS POSSIBLE SUFFER FOR LACK OF MONEY. PROVIDED EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FROM DIAGNOSIS, THROUGH TREATMENT AND BEYOND, INCLUDING CHEERFUL

ENVIRONMENTS AT TREATMENT CENTERS. PROVIDED INFORMAL EDUCATION TO KEEP CHILDREN IN THE HABIT OF LEARNING THOUGH TREATMENT AND BEYOND. ENSURED CONTINUITY OF CARE AS APPROPRIATE THROUGH RELAPSE, PALLIATION OR BEREAVEMENT AND LOSS.

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3. CAN KIDS HOME AWAY HOME, KOTLA MUBARKPUR HEALTHCARE – GENERALLY CANCER PATIENTS YOUTH EDUCATION TIME SPAN – 2010 TILL PRESENT

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2. SAKSHI, DEFENCE COLONY EDUCATION HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENTAL ART AND CULTURE RECREATIONAL AND SPORTS TIME SPAN – 2000 TILL PRESENT

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SOME EFFORTS BY NGO’S :

LOCATION ISSUES SURROUNDED BY WELL DEVELOPED COLONIES POPULATION PRESSURE AND THUS HAPHAZARD CONSTRUCTION

DEMOGRAPHIC ISSUES LOW LITERACY RATE: LESS AWARENESS HIGHER POPULATION DENSITY LARGER FAMILY SIZES: LESSER FLOOR AREA/PERSON

LEGAL ISSUES UNCERTAIN PROPERTY TAXES ILLEGAL ENCROACHMENTS LAND DEALS UNACCOUNTED

INFRASTRUCTURAL ISSUES LACK OF BASIC CIVIC AMENITIES STRUCTURAL WEAKNESSES NARROWING LANES POOR DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE CONDITIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES REDUCED GREEN AND OPEN SPACES UNPROTECTED HERITAGE AREAS UNORGANIZED WASTE DISPOSAL

PROPOSED METRO LINENEW MODIFIED HOUSING

OPPORTUNITIES

MORE SCHOOLS PROPOSED IN THE AREAHIGH DENSITY HOUSING APPROACH

SELF HELP HOUSINGSELF SUFFICIENCY AND EFFICIENCY

FAR CHANGESDEMOLITION OF ENCROACHED CONSTRUCTION

PROPER LAND RECORDS MAINTENANCESTRICTER TAXATION

COLLABORATION OF ARCHITECTS/ENGINEERS, GOVT OFFICIALS VILLAGE OFFICIALS AND STAKEHOLDERS

TRAFFIC DIVERSIONPEDESTRIANIZATION OF INNER VILLAGE LANES

URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS – VILLAGE CENTRE/SQUAREVERTICAL GREENS

IDENTIFICATION AND DIRECTION SIGNS FOR HERITAGE SPOTS

URBAN ISSUES