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International Journal of
Plant Biotechnology Jul–Dec 2016 IJPB
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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-AllahShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell
Biology, CAS, China
Dr. Annapurna S AgasthyaDepartment of Biotechnology, Alva's College,
Moodabidri, Karnataka, India
Dr. Rajat BanerjeeDepartment of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India
Dr. T K BarikDepartment of Applied Sciences, Haldia
Institute of Technology, Haldia (West Bengal), India
Dr. Birendra Kumar BindhaniSchool of Biotechnology, KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
Dr. N. Manikanda BoopathiDepartment of Fruit Crops, Horticultural
College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. R ChangmaiDepartment of Physics, DHSK College,
Dibrugarh (Assam), India
Dr. Avinash CheekothBiotechnology, Management of the Scientific Centers, Department of the President's Affairs,
UAE
Dr. Xiaojun ChenInstitute of Biomedical Manufacturing and Life
Quality Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China.
Dr. Prasanta DashNational Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Dr. Aumreetam DinabandhuICAR – National Research Centre on Plant
Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Dr. Arvind DiwanICAR, Project Director (Biotechnology),
Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India
Dr Indraneel GhoshSystems Biology Department, Sun
Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Dr. Agnishwar GirigoswamiMedical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied
Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Chennai, India
Dr. Lingayya HiremathDeptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of
Engineering, Bangalore, India
Dr. R. Mary Josephine Department of Botany, Nirimala College for
Women, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
Dr. Sukhjeet KaurDepartment of Biotechnology, SUS College of
Engineering & Technology Tangori-Mohali, India
Dr. Rekha KhandiaDepartment of Science and Technology,
High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal, India
Dr.Ashok Kumar KulkarniDepartment of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of
Medical Sciences, Secunderabad (A. P), India
Dr. Arun KumarDepartment Of Biochemistry, Manipal College Of Medical Sciences, Phulbari Campus, Kaski,
Pokhara, Nepal
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Dinesh KumarHorticulture (Post Harvest Technology),
National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
Dr. Ramesh M.Department of Biotechnology, Science
Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu), India
Dr. Biswajit MajumdarCalcutta University Institute Of Post Graduate Medical Education And Research [IPGMER]
University College Of Medicine [UCM], India
Dr. Kumaresan MohanDepartment of Biotechnology, Udaya School of
Engineering, Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu), India
Dr. Durgadas Govind NaikManagement & Science University,
Malaysia
Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar Nandeshwar Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur,
India
Dr. NayiraCollege of Medicine-Imam university, Saudi
Arabia
Dr. Brijesh PandeyAmity University, Lucknow(U.P.),
India
Dr. Venu PerlaWest Virginia State University Research & Development Corporation, United States
Dr. Vara PrasadNano Research for Advanced Materials,
Bangalore, India
Dr. Guru PrasadBasavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital
and Research Institute Hyderabad, India
Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India
Dr Yousef RasmiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran
K Purushotham ReddyDepartment of Internal Medicine,
University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
Dr.Sougata RoyDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular
Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Dr. Soma RoyDepartment of Biotechnology, CBIT,
Hyderabad, India
Dr. Ashish RunthalaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Birla
Institute of Technology & Science, Rajasthan, India
Dr. S SeeniCentre for Bioresource Research &
Development(C-BIRD), Sathyabama University, Chennai, India
Dr. S. SeethalaksmiVivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for
Women, Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Shashwat SharadCenter for Prostate Disease Research
Washington D.C., USA
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Promila SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India
Dr. Rajnish SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology, Dr. YS Parmar
University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (HP), India
Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore (Karnataka), India
Dr. Meenakshi SinghMimansha Herbals, Lucknow, India
Dr. Manoj Kumar SinghAnimal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy
Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India
Dr. Daya Shankar SrivastavaKrishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Sitapur (Uttar
Pradesh), India
Dr. Lonchin SugunaDepartment of Biochemistry, Central Leather
Research Institute, Chennai, India
Dr. Tha. ThayumanavanSchool of Biotechnology, Dr.G.R. Damodaran
College of Science, Coimbatore, India
Dr. Sharad Tiwari Biotechnology Centre, JawaharLal Nehru Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalya, Jabalpur, India
Dr. Avinash TiwariSchool of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University,
Gwalior, India
Dr. S. Thangminlal VaipheiRadiation and Molecular Biology Unit,
Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, (Meghalaya),
India
Dr. Divya VermaDepartment of Botany, Kalindi College,
University of Delhi, New Delhi,
India
Dr. Bhagwan Das BulchandaniDepartment of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University,
Rajasthan, India
Dr. Mohamed Magdy Fahim MansourDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science,
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Dr. Vangalapati MeenaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, A.U.C.E (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
Dr. Ruth LaldintharMicrobial Ecology Laboratory, Department of
Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Dr. Bipin J. AgrawalDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
(Gujarat), India
Dr. P. Udaya SriDepartment of Biotechnology, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Awadesh Kumar PalDepartment of Crop Physiology, Bihar Agricultural University, Bihar, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Plant Biotechnology. This journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biotechnology issues, from theoretical
aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Plant Biotechnology as an
emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biotechnological Science community, addressing
researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International journal of Plant Biotechnology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Biotechnology in general. JournalsPub acts
as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time &
successfully.
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Transgenic plants, Plant production science, Plant physiology, Modern molecular biology, Plant tissue
culture, Molecular breeding, Manipulation of plants, Recombinant DNA technology
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Plant
Biotechnology and solutions in the area.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Plant Biotechnology
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developments in the field of Plant Biotechnology.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Plant Biotechnology readers
and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Plant Biotechnology.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Evaluation of Floral Diversity of BSI Dehradun and Its Ecological Assessment M.S. Bhandari, G.S. Panwar 1
2. Antagonistic Activity of Fungi and Bacterium against Red Rot Disease of Saccharum officinarum: An Approach for Biocontrol S.K. Chaurasia, G.P. Rao 14
3. Methods of Crop Breeding in Plants: A Review Nupur Mathur 19
4. Photosynthesis at High Altitude: A Case Study in Trans Himalayan Region S. Allen, S. Kapoor, M.K. Patel, V. Kumar, T. Stobdan, O.P. Chaurasia, B. Kumar 25
5. Response of Plants to Drought Stress: A ReviewNupur Mathur 35
Contents
IJPB (2016) 1-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
eISSN: 2456-0162 Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Evaluation of Floral Diversity of BSI Dehradun and Its Ecological
Assessment
M.S. Bhandari1*, G.S. Panwar2 1Division of Genetics and Tree Propagation, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
2Botanical Survey of India, Northern Centre, Dehradun, India
ABSTRACT
The association of plants and animals with the environment and interaction within and among themselves constitutes biodiversity. The present requirement is to save and conserve our biodiversity with sustainable management of our resources such as land, water, air, forest, fossil fuels and many others. The present research work explains the true meaning of biodiversity along with sustainable management of biodiversity for betterment of ecological assessment and biogeochemical cycles of the nature. The ecological assessment and its evaluation were carried out in the BSI Dehradun forest regions during the year 2013 in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season. The important tree species inhabiting the area were Grevillea robusta, Litsea monopetala, Grewia optiva, Phyllanthus emblica, Morus alba, Firmiana colorata, Bauhinia semla, Ficus elastic, Ginkgo biloba and Acer oblongum. Highest frequency (55.56), density (2.11) and basal cover area was recorded for Grewia optiva (4.2m2). Highest IVI was calculated for Grewia optiva (57.96) followed by Morus alba (35.89), Prunus cerasoides (25.87) and Pinus roxburghii (25.65). Simpson’s Index of biodiversity in the particular area was 0.912, representing presence of very high floral diversity. Keywords: biodiversity, ecological assessment, floral diversity, Simpson’s index
INTRODUCTION
The ecological studies are generally focused on trees and larger plants and could be more readily discriminated using technology like remote sensing and satellite imaginary. The areas where few dominant species, such as temperate forests or mangroves, hyperspatial data have been used to identify individual trees and delineate tree canopies at the species level.[1–3] The biodiversity following the species number and species diversity that approaches to the level of tens, hundreds or thousands; as is the case of tropics, where species hierarchy, individual numbers and habitat heterogeneity makes the biodiversity assessment more challenging, particularly so when done
from the space.[4] The evaluation of these databases for floral diversity study in the tropics and subtropical climatic condition would therefore remain a significant challenge and has not been sufficiently explored so far. This is especially ironical considering that tropical habitats concentrated world’s largest species diversity.[4–6] The developmental activity leads to rapid degradation of subtropical and tropical forest and declines its diversity across the world. There is an utmost requirement to identify the hotspots of biodiversity, map the distribution of floral diversity across
IJPB (2016) 14–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology eISSN: 2456-0162
Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com
Antagonistic Activity of Fungi and Bacterium against Red Rot
Disease of Saccharum officinarum: An Approach for Biocontrol
S.K. Chaurasia1*, G.P. Rao2 1Vinayaka Mission’s University, Salem, TN, India
2Sugarcane Research Station, Kunraghat, Gorakhpur, UP, India
ABSTRACT The Two species of fungus Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus flavus and one species of bacterium viz. Bacillus subtilis were tested for antagonistic activity in vitro against Colletotrichum falcatum, pathogen of red rot disease of sugarcane. Two Saccharum officinarum cultivars viz. CoS 98231 and CoLK 8102 in pot and field experiments, by a dual culture technique. It was found that isolates of fungal and bacterial inhibited the mycelial growth of C. falcatum, overgrew C. falcatum colonies and antagonized mycelial growth. In contrast, when the two varieties were tested separately in different field locations, the sets treated with A. flavus in combination with a spray or soil application of T. harzianum had the lowest incidence of red rot in all locations, e.g. 3.1% and 3.4% incidence for CoS 98231 in one location and they had a similar response to the chemical control. These results suggest the applicability of plant-based extracts for the suppression of red rot disease of sugarcane in the field as an environment-friendly tool in combination with antagonists. Keywords: antagonistic bacteria, dual culture technique, sett treatment
INTRODUCTION Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane) is an important cash crop cultivated in tropical and sub- tropical regions of the world. It is mainly valuable because of its ability to store high concentrations of sucrose or sugar in the stem. It is used for the production of ethanol, which is an important renewable biofuel source (Menossi et al., 2008 and Da Costa et al., 2001). Sugarcane is cultivated in most of the states of India with total area coverage of 4.2 million hectare (M ha). Sugarcane is the most important secondary agro industrial crop in India, next only to cotton (Jayashree, 2010). About hundred diseases of sugarcane have been reported from different parts of the world (Rott et al., 2010). Red rot is the most common disease of sugarcane, caused by the fungus C. falcatum Went. It causes severe loss to
yield and quality of the susceptible cultivars in the Indian subcontinent (Satyavir, 2003 and Duttamajumder, 2008). It can reduce sugarcane weight by up to 29% and loss in sugar recovery by 31% (Hussnain and Afghan, 2006 Red rot pathogen produce invertase enzyme that hydrolyzed the stored sucrose by breaking sucrose molecule into its components namely glucose and fructose. As the result the quantity of molasses increases (Sehtiya, 1993). It is aptly called the “Cancer” of sugarcane (Khan et al., 2011). So, it is very necessary to control the disease of such important crop. Many fungicides have been tried by various researchers. But using chemical there is always environmental concerns. So,
IJPB (2016) 19–24 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology eISSN: 2456-0162
Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com
Methods of Crop Breeding in Plants: A Review
Nupur Mathur Department of Biotechnology, Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Jodhpur, India
SELF POLLINATED CROPS
Mass Selection
In mass selection, seeds are gathered from (as a rule a couple of dozen to a couple of hundred) desirable appearing individuals in a populace, and the cutting edge is sown from the supply of blended seed. This technique, some of the time alluded to as phenotypic selection, depends on how every individual looks. Mass selection has been used widely to improve old “land” varieties that have been passed down starting with one generation of agriculturists then onto the next over long stretches. An alternative approach that has doubtlessly been rehearsed for a huge number of years is just to wipe out undesirable sorts by destroying them in the field. The outcomes are comparable whether unrivaled plants are spared or substandard plants are killed: seeds of the better plants turn into the planting stock for the following season [1]. A present day refinement of mass selection is to reap the best plants independently and to develop their progenies. The poorer descendants are demolished and the seeds of the rest of reaped. It ought to be noticed that selection is presently construct not exclusively with respect to the presence of the parent plants additionally on the appearance and execution of their progeny. Offspring determination is typically more powerful than phenotypic selection when managing quantitative characters of low heritability. It ought to be noted, in any case, that descendants
testing requires an additional generation; subsequently pick up per cycle of selection must be twofold that of basic phenotypic determination to accomplish a similar rate of pick up per unit time. Mass selection, with or without offspring test, is maybe the most straightforward and slightest costly of plant-reproducing techniques. It finds wide use in the breeding of certain rummage species, which are not sufficiently critical financially to legitimize more definite detailed attention. Pure Line Selection
Pure line Selection by and large includes three more or less distinct steps: 1. Various prevalent showing up plants
are chosen from a genetically variable populace.
Progenies of the individual plant 2.determinations are developed and assessed by basic perception, every now and again over a time of quite a while.
3. When selection can never again be mentioned on the premise of objective fact alone, broad trials are embraced, including cautious estimations to figure out if the rest of the selections are unrivaled in yielding capacity and different parts of execution.
Any progeny better than a current assortment is then discharged as another "pure line" assortment [2]. A significant part of the accomplishment of this technique amid the mid-1900s relied on upon the presence of genetically variable
IJPB (2016) 25–34 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 25
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology eISSN: 2456-0162
Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com
Photosynthesis at High Altitude: A Case Study in Trans
Himalayan Region
S. Allen, S. Kapoor, M.K. Patel, V. Kumar, T. Stobdan, O.P. Chaurasia*, B. Kumar Department of Plant Biotechnology, Defense Institute of High Altitude Research DRDO Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
Photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth that converts light energy into chemical energy and is the primary component of crop yield. Significant increase in crop yield by enhancing photosynthesis can answer to global food security. With the increase in population size and limited land availability, efforts have been made to grow crops in tough terrains like high altitude areas. As one ascends a mountain, environmental conditions such as heavy UV influx, arid landscape and long winter season can result in various physiological, biochemical and molecular alterations in plants which may affect photosynthesis. In the present review, we focused on critical biological process in plants i.e. photosynthesis with regard to high altitude areas. We also reviewed the role of abiotic factors which play a key role in regulating photosynthesis at altitudinal gradient. Ladakh, often refereed as cold desert due to its high altitude and cold arid climate, is a region where a limited patch of land is available for agriculture due to tough terrain. Over centuries, farmers in Ladakh have evolved self-sustained farming systems notwithstanding scarce resources, amidst a climatically challenging environment. In Leh-Ladakh region, only five months (May to September) are available for farming while the rest of the year is extreme cold and not conducive for crop cultivation snow covered (October to March).As a result, almost no agricultural practices take place during winter season and people are dependent on stored food crops. Army troops are supplied with vegetables and fruits from Chandigarh by Air route which is quite expensive. Earlier, to enhance the yield per hectare of agricultural crops with increasing demand was possible through breeding programs and farming practice but now crops yields are reaching a plateau. One fundamental component of plant productivity that has not been used to select for increased yield is photosynthesis. Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) is one of the laboratories of Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) New Delhi located at Leh, at an altitude of 3500 amsl. It was established in 1962 and is a pioneer organization which mainly focuses on cold arid agro-animal technology. With the help of updated R&D technologies and novel inputs in cold arid agro animal technologies, our mission is to enhance the availability of fresh food for troops in Ladakh. In order to enhance the productivity at high altitude, laboratory and field research is targeted to increase yield potential in agricultural crops. Recent studies have shown that increase in crop yield can be achieved with enhanced photosynthesis. With this objective in mind, Defence Institute of high Altitude Research (DIHAR) situated in Leh–Ladakh aims to enhance the productivity at high altitude, and is targeted to increase yield potential in agricultural crops. Over the century, grain yield has almost doubled yet there is no significant change in the rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area. In the present study, we reviewed different physiological factors which change as altitude increases and their effect on photosynthesis and subsequently on crop productivity. Keywords: high altitude, photosynthesis, potential, productivity, transhimalayan
IJPB (2016) 35–42 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 35
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology eISSN: 2456-0162
Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com
Response of Plants to Drought Stress: A Review
Nupur Mathur Department of Biotechnology, Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Jodhpur, India
BACKGROUND
Stress tolerance has long been fascinated plant biologists as a challenge to understand the mechanism of plant survival under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Exposure to abiotic stresses such as high salinity, drought, extreme light and temperature of plants results in worldwide major loss in crop productivity [1]. The main cause of crop loss worldwide is abiotic stresses, reducing average yield for most major crop plants by more than 50% [2, 3]. The complexity in research efforts on drought tolerance was introduced mainly because of dichotomy of survival and productivity, adaptation, acclimation, inducement, enhancement and the levels of investigation like community, canopy, and organ, cellular and molecular [4, 5]. Water is a vital resource for plant growth and survival and is often limiting in arid regions. Plants have to adjust their water balance and metabolism in response to the challenging environment of drought. At cellular level, water relation parameters [6, 7], osmotically active metabolites [8] and antioxidants [9] have proved important to water balancing under varying environmental conditions. High salinity, water shortage and temperature stresses are the real requirements that point of confinement horticultural creation. Plants react to these conditions with a variety of biochemical and physiological adjustments, which include the capacity of many anxiety related qualities. Subsequently, any endeavor to enhance the anxiety resilience
requires a superior comprehension of physiological, biochemical and sub-atomic occasions [10]. The stress, especially drought, causes a decrease in pressure potential. Consequently the concentration of cell solutes enhances due to water loss and they are actively accumulated to keep the cytoplasm osmotically balanced. Thus osmotic adjustment is a significant component of abiotic stress tolerance in plants and contributes to pressure potential [11, 12]. The common solutes employed in osmotic adjustment include various quaternary amines, amino acids, and sugars. Upgraded amassing of these osmolytes encourages the maintenance of water in the cytoplasm and the security of layers, protein edifices, and cell structure. Moreover, plant cells contain cancer prevention agent catalyst framework, for example, peroxidases and superoxide dismutases, which search responsive oxygen intermediates and give assurance against oxidative anxiety [13, 14]. At molecular level, an assortment of genes with diverse functions are induced or repressed by these stresses [15]. The identification and characterization of genes involved in osmotic and ionic stress tolerance have opened the possibility of engineering crop plants with increased drought/salt tolerance. The expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of compatible solutes such as mannitol [16], proline [17], glycine-betaine [18], fructans [19] and glyoxalases increased the hyperosmotic tolerance of the plant cell. The membranes are reported to damage rapidly with increasing water stress This
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International Journal of
Plant Biotechnology Jul–Dec 2016 IJPB
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