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International Journal of
Plant Biotechnology Jan – June 2016 IJPB
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INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra
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New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
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Shrawani Verma
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-AllahShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell
Biology, CAS, China
Dr. Annapurna S AgasthyaDepartment of Biotechnology, Alva's College,
Moodabidri, Karnataka, India
Dr. Rajat BanerjeeDepartment of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India
Dr. T K BarikDepartment of Applied Sciences, Haldia
Institute of Technology, Haldia (West Bengal), India
Dr. Birendra Kumar BindhaniSchool of Biotechnology, KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
Dr. N. Manikanda BoopathiDepartment of Fruit Crops, Horticultural
College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. R ChangmaiDepartment of Physics, DHSK College,
Dibrugarh (Assam), India
Dr. Avinash CheekothBiotechnology, Management of the Scientific Centers, Department of the President's Affairs,
UAE
Dr. Xiaojun ChenInstitute of Biomedical Manufacturing and Life
Quality Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China.
Dr. Prasanta DashNational Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Dr. Aumreetam DinabandhuICAR – National Research Centre on Plant
Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Dr. Arvind DiwanICAR, Project Director (Biotechnology),
Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India
Dr Indraneel GhoshSystems Biology Department, Sun
Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Dr. Agnishwar GirigoswamiMedical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied
Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Chennai, India
Dr. Lingayya HiremathDeptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of
Engineering, Bangalore, India
Dr. R. Mary Josephine Department of Botany, Nirimala College for
Women, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
Dr. Sukhjeet KaurDepartment of Biotechnology, SUS College of
Engineering & Technology Tangori-Mohali, India
Dr. Rekha KhandiaDepartment of Science and Technology,
High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal, India
Dr.Ashok Kumar KulkarniDepartment of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of
Medical Sciences, Secunderabad (A. P), India
Dr. Arun KumarDepartment Of Biochemistry, Manipal College Of Medical Sciences, Phulbari Campus, Kaski,
Pokhara, Nepal
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Dinesh KumarHorticulture (Post Harvest Technology),
National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India
Dr. Ramesh M.Department of Biotechnology, Science
Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu), India
Dr. Biswajit MajumdarCalcutta University Institute Of Post Graduate Medical Education And Research [IPGMER]
University College Of Medicine [UCM], India
Dr. Kumaresan MohanDepartment of Biotechnology, Udaya School of
Engineering, Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu), India
Dr. Durgadas Govind NaikManagement & Science University,
Malaysia
Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar Nandeshwar Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur,
India
Dr. NayiraCollege of Medicine-Imam university, Saudi
Arabia
Dr. Brijesh PandeyAmity University, Lucknow(U.P.),
India
Dr. Venu PerlaWest Virginia State University Research & Development Corporation, United States
Dr. Vara PrasadNano Research for Advanced Materials,
Bangalore, India
Dr. Guru PrasadBasavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital
and Research Institute Hyderabad, India
Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India
Dr Yousef RasmiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran
K Purushotham ReddyDepartment of Internal Medicine,
University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
Dr.Sougata RoyDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular
Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Dr. Soma RoyDepartment of Biotechnology, CBIT,
Hyderabad, India
Dr. Ashish RunthalaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Birla
Institute of Technology & Science, Rajasthan, India
Dr. S SeeniCentre for Bioresource Research &
Development(C-BIRD), Sathyabama University, Chennai, India
Dr. S. SeethalaksmiVivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for
Women, Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Shashwat SharadCenter for Prostate Disease Research
Washington D.C., USA
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Promila SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India
Dr. Rajnish SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology, Dr. YS Parmar
University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (HP), India
Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore (Karnataka), India
Dr. Meenakshi SinghMimansha Herbals, Lucknow, India
Dr. Manoj Kumar SinghAnimal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy
Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India
Dr. Daya Shankar SrivastavaKrishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Sitapur (Uttar
Pradesh), India
Dr. Lonchin SugunaDepartment of Biochemistry, Central Leather
Research Institute, Chennai, India
Dr. Tha. ThayumanavanSchool of Biotechnology, Dr.G.R. Damodaran
College of Science, Coimbatore, India
Dr. Sharad Tiwari Biotechnology Centre, JawaharLal Nehru Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalya, Jabalpur, India
Dr. Avinash TiwariSchool of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University,
Gwalior, India
Dr. S. Thangminlal VaipheiRadiation and Molecular Biology Unit,
Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, (Meghalaya),
India
Dr. Divya VermaDepartment of Botany, Kalindi College,
University of Delhi, New Delhi,
India
Dr. Bhagwan Das BulchandaniDepartment of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University,
Rajasthan, India
Dr. Mohamed Magdy Fahim MansourDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science,
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Dr. Vangalapati MeenaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, A.U.C.E (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
Dr. Ruth LaldintharMicrobial Ecology Laboratory, Department of
Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Dr. Bipin J. AgrawalDepartment of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
(Gujarat), India
Dr. P. Udaya SriDepartment of Biotechnology, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Awadesh Kumar PalDepartment of Crop Physiology, Bihar Agricultural University, Bihar, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Plant Biotechnology. This journal is part of the Applied
Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biotechnology issues, from theoretical
aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Plant Biotechnology as an
emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical
investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biotechnological Science community, addressing
researchers and practitioners in this area.
The core vision of International journal of Plant Biotechnology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel
awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research
societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Biotechnology in general. JournalsPub acts
as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time &
successfully.
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of
Transgenic plants, Plant production science, Plant physiology, Modern molecular biology, Plant tissue
culture, Molecular breeding, Manipulation of plants, Recombinant DNA technology
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Plant
Biotechnology and solutions in the area.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Plant Biotechnology
community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developments in the field of Plant Biotechnology.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Plant Biotechnology readers
and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Plant Biotechnology.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized From Punica gratum Extracts N.A. Tambe, P.M. Tumane 1
2. Short Review Article: Defence Enzyme-Polyphenol Oxidases (PPO) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) Ankita Singh 10
3. Drought Tolerance in Pearl Millet- I Riva Mathur 13
4. Effect of Drought Stress on Morphological Characteristics in Plants- II Riva Mathur 16
5. Properties of Tagetes erecta (Marigold): Short Review ArticleAnkita Singh 19
Contents
IJPB (2016) 1–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456–0162(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles
Synthesized from Punica gratum Extracts
N.A. Tambe*, P.M. Tumane Department of Microbiology, L.I.T. Campus, R.T.M.N. University, Amravati Road, Nagpur, India
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a branch of science which has open many routes of technologies. With the
rapid development of nanotechnology, application has been extended further and now silver
is the engineered nanomaterial most commonly used in consumer products. Green
nanotechnology is an area with significant focus at present on the important objective of
facilitating the manufacture of nanotechnology-based products that are eco-friendly and
safer for all beings, with sustainable commercial viability. In the present study, we have used
a green route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using plant extracts of Punica
gratum. These eco-friendly Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometery which
exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nanometre range in UV–Vis spectroscopy.
Further characterization was confirmed by TEM, FTIR, X-RD analysis and LM-20 analysis.
The antimicrobial activity of synthesised nanoparticles from Punica gratum shows its efficacy
to be a good antimicrobial agent.
Keywords: antimicrobial assay, characterization studies, Punica gratum, silver nanoparticles
INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology deals with the progress in
experimental methods for the production
of nanoparticles of various sizes, shapes
and controlled dispersity.[1]
Nanoparticles
exhibit completely new or improved
properties based on specific characteristics
such as size, distribution and
morphology.[2]
Nanoparticles are of
immense scientific relevance as they
connect the gap between bulk materials
and atomic or molecular structures.[3]
Silver has been special place in the history
of the elements because it is one of the
first five metals discovered and used by
humans.[4]
Ag-NPs have particular
properties that may perhaps have
numerous applications in the fields of
dentistry, clothing, catalysis, mirrors,
optics, photography, electronics, and the
food industry.[5]
Plants and fruit extracts
can be described as nano-factories which
provide potential pathway to
bioaccumulation into food chain and
environment.[6]
Biological synthesis of
silver nanoparticles by using plants,
microorganisms and enzymes, etc. have
been suggested as more eco-friendly
possible alternatives than using physical
and chemical methods,[7]
silver
nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have a wide area
of interest, as they have a large number of
applications, such as in nonlinear optics,
spectrally selective coating for solar
energy absorption, bio-labelling,
intercalation materials for electrical
batteries as optical receptors, catalyst in
chemical reactions, and as antibacterial
capacities. The medical properties of silver
have been known for over 2,000 years.
Since the nineteenth century, silver-based
IJPB (2016) 10-12© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456–0162(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Short Review Article: Defence Enzyme-Polyphenol Oxidases
(PPO) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato)
Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is one of the most important horticultural crops in the
world. In India, tomato is considered as first rank vegetable crop because of its more use.
The action of Polyphenol Oxidases (PPO) on phenolic oxidation has a role to play in the
plant’s defense. This is a short review article on the mechanism and role of PPO in tomato.
Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, phenolic oxidation, polyphenol oxidase
INTRODUCTION
Tomato ((Lycopersicum esculentum) ) is
widely in use throughout the world, due to
its various properties, such as, it is easily
processed; the plants can be propagated by
seed or cloned by tip or shoot cuttings; the
plants have a high yield of fruit; there is
reasonable biomass and protein content;
and they are easily grown under
containment. Its production is very
concentrated in semi-arid regions. The
presence of endogenous defense
mechanism, such as, the oxidative enzyme,
Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), is generally
produced as a reaction to pathogens. It
catalyzes the formation of lignin and other
oxidative phenols that cause the
development of defense barriers, as shown
in figure 1.[1-3]
Fig. 1. Reactions catalyzed by PPO.
(Source: Queiroz et al., 2008)
DEFENCE ENZYME- PPO IN
TOMATO
Browning of the cut surface of some fruits
and vegetables is due to the presence of a
group of enzymes called polyphenol
oxidases.
These enzymes are released by the broken
cells and they catalyze the reaction
between colorless molecules called
polyphenols and molecular oxygen.
This reaction creates colored compounds
and these new compounds can
spontaneously cross react with one another
to form black-brown complexes called
melanins.[2,5]
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) (E.C.
1.10.3.2) are ubiquitous copper-containing
enzymes which use molecular oxygen to
oxidize common ortho-diphenolic
compounds such as caffeic acid and
catechol to their respective quinones. PPO-
generated quinones are highly reactive and
may cross-link or alkylate proteins,
leading to the commonly observed brown
pigments in damaged plant tissues and
plant extracts.[3,4]
IJPB (2016) 13-15© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 13
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456–0162 (Online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Drought Tolerance in Pearl Millet- I
Riva Mathur*
Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University,
Rajasthan, India
Abstract Stress tolerance has long fascinated plant biologists as a challenge to understand the mechanism of plant
survival under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Exposure of plants to abiotic stresses, such as high
salinity, drought, extreme light and temperature leads to major loss in crop productivity. Pearl millet is
one such crop that has been facing drought conditions and less productivity of the crop. This article is a
short review on the different stresses and their effect on crop productivity.
Keywords: abiotic stress, drought conditions, crop productivity, pearl millet
INTRODUCTION Plant growth and productivity is adversely
affected by nature’s wrath in the form of
various biotic and abiotic stress factors.
Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity,
extreme temperatures, chemical toxicity and
oxidative stress are serious threats to
agriculture and the natural status of the
environment. Exposure of these plants to these
abiotic stresses leads to major loss in crop
productivity.[1]
All forms of abiotic stress
affect the water relations of a plant on the
cellular as well as whole plant level causing
specific as well as unspecific reactions,
damages and adaptation reactions.[2]
Environmental stresses trigger a wide variety
of plant responses, ranging from altered gene
expression and cellular metabolism to changes
in growth rate and plant productivity. Water
deficit (drought conditions) can be defined as
the absence of adequate moisture necessary for
a plant to grow normally and complete its life
cycle. Water deficit is one of the major abiotic
stresses, which adversely effects the crop
growth and yield.
Generally drought stress occurs when the
available water in the soil is not available and
atmospheric conditions cause continuous loss
of water by transpiration and evaporation.
Drought stress tolerance is seen in almost all
plants but its extent varies from species to
species and even within species. Water deficit
and salt stresses are global issues to ensure
survival of agricultural crops and sustainable
food production.[3]
Drought stress is considered to be a moderate
loss of water, which leads to stomatal closure
and limitation of gas exchange. Desiccation is
much more extensive loss of water, which can
potentially lead to gross disruption of
metabolism and cell structure and eventually
to the cessation of enzyme catalyzed
reactions.[4]
Drought stress is characterized by
reduction of water content, diminished leaf
water potential and tugger loss, closure of
stomata and decrease in cell enlargement and
growth. Severe water stress may result in the
arrest of photosynthesis, disturbance of
metabolism and finally the death of plant.[5]
It has been established that drought stress is a
very important limiting factor at the initial
phase of plant growth and establishment. It
affects both elongation and expansion
growth.[6]
Water stress greatly suppresses cell
expansion and cell growth due to the low
turgor pressure. Osmotic regulation can enable
the maintenance of cell turgor for survival to
assist plant growth under severe drought
conditions in pearl millet.[7]
IJPB (2016) 16-18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456–0162(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Effect of Drought Stress on Morphological Characteristics in
Plants- II
Riva Mathur* Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University,
Rajasthan, India
Abstract
Drought conditions significantly affect the growth and development of plants. Various
metabolic functions in plants are also reduced due to such conditions, such as reduction in
plant pigments- chlorophyll and carotenoids and alterations in the expression of certain
proteins. This is a brief review on various effects of drought stress on different morphological
characteristics in plants.
Keywords: carotenoids, chlorophyll content, crop productivity, drought stress, protein
profiling
INTRODUCTION
Drought is an important limiting factor at a
initial stage. It affects both elongation and
expansion phases. Among the crops, rice
as a submerged crop, is probably
susceptible to drought. Pearl millet is
comparatively more drought tolerant than
other cereal crops. In experimental studies,
it was observed that the stem length of
soybean decreased under water deficit
conditions. While, in other studies, it was
found that the plant height reduced upto
25% in water stressed citrus seedlings.
Though, osmotic regulation can enable the
maintenance of cell turgor for survival or
to assist plant growth under severe drought
conditions in pearl millet.[1-3]
Water stress suppresses cell expansion and
cell growth due to low turgor pressure.
The reduction in plant height is associated
with a decline in cell enlargement and
enhanced leaf senescence under water
stress.[4,5]
Development of optimal leaf
area is important to photosynthesis and dry
matter production.
The significance of root system in
obtaining water has for some time been
observed. A productive root system can
aid in plant growth and development amid
the early plant development stage and
obtain water from shallow soil layers that
is generally lost by dissipation in
legumes.[3,5]
The improvement of root
system builds the water uptake and keeps
up required osmotic pressure.
An increase in root to shoot ratio under
drought conditions has also been found to
be related to ABA content of roots and
shoots. [6]
Increased plant fresh and dry weights in
water drought conditions are required
features. A usual disadvantage of water
drought condition on harvest plants is the
decrease in fresh and dry biomass
production.[7]
Plant productivity under
water drought condition is firmly
identified with the procedures of processes
of dry matter partitioning and temporal
mass distribution.[2,3]
IJPB (2016) 19-21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456–0162(online)
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Properties of Tagetes erecta (Marigold): Short Review Article
Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India
Abstract
Marigold is an annual herb with pale-green leaves. Flowers in this plant are produced from
the beginning of summer until frost and have a strong but rather unpleasant odor. It also has
anti- inflammatory properties and used in the healing of wounds. This is a brief review article
on the different properties of the plant Tagetes erecta (marigold).
Keywords: Tagetes erecta, properties
INTRODUCTION
The genus Tagetes belongs to the
Asteraceae family and comprises of 56
species, 27 of them annuals and 29
perennials. Tagetes sp. are grown all over
the world as multi-purpose plants of these
species. T. minuta, T. erecta, T. patula and
T. tenuifolia, are some of the most
common species.[1]
Tagetes sp. have been
used in folk medicine to treat intestinal and
stomach diseases and some of them have
been found to possess biological activity.[2]
This genus is recognized as a source of
very interesting biologically active
products, that is, carotenoids used as food
colorants and feed additives[3]
and
possessing anticancer and anti-ageing
effects[4]
, essential oils known for their
antibacterial and insecticidal properties[5]
and flavonoids having pharmacological
properties.[6]
Volatile oils of T. minuta are
used as antibacterial (Senatore et al.,
2004), flavour components in food
products and as perfumes.[1]
They also
have suppressive biological activity
against some insects and pathogens.[7]
Tagetes erecta is a potential plant whose
essential oil from flowers has acted as an
effective repellent against insects.[8]
Tagetes minuta oil has been found to be
active against carnation ring spot (CaRSV)
and carnation vein mottle viruses
(CaVMV).
According to WHO survey, 80%
populations living in the developing
countries rely almost exclusively on
traditional medicine for their primary
health care needs and pest control.
Exploration of chemical constituents of
different parts of the plants and
pharmacological screening may provide us
the basis for new leads for development of
novel agents. Crushed roots of marigold
(Tagetes erecta) provide good control of
root knot nematodes when applied to soil
in mulberry gardens. Some species in
Tagetes have been widely used as natural
insecticides and fungicides. For example,
the extract from the roots of T. erecta was
lethal or inhibitory to the hatching of
Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) chitwood
and M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood. The
extracts from some species in Tagetes L.
also exhibit anti-fungicidal activity.
Various oils in plants of Tagetes L. have
been found to inhibit Gram-positive
bacteria and fungi. In addition, flower
pigments in the plants of Tagetes L., as
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International Journal of
Plant Biotechnology Jan – June 2016 IJPB
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