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Submitted by: Muhammad Salah-ud-Din B.SC (Hons) Agriculture 2012-uam-39 Dpt. Of Entomology
Submitted to: Dr. Shafqat Saeed
Muhammad Nawaz SharEEf
University of Multan.2
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Integration of pheromones and biological control for the
management of cotton bollworms in Pakistan
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N.Ahmad,M.Ashraf,T.Hussain,B.FatimaAtomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre,TandoJam ,Pakistan
Authors Name
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Content of PresentationAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults And DiscussionAcknowledgementReferences
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AbstractThemanagementofcottonbollwormsinasemi-
isolatedareathroughtheuseofinundative releasesoftheeggparasitoid Trichogrammachilonis(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)in conjunctionwithpheromonessuppressedpopulationsofthepinkandspottedbollwormstosub-economiclevels.
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Theparasitoidwasmoreeffectiveagainstpinkbollwormthanspottedbollworm.
Applicationsofeitherpheromonesorparasitoidsbythemselveswerelesseffectivewhencomparedto
thecombinedtreatment.ThelevelofparasitisminthecottonfieldwascomparativelylowinJuneand
JulybutgraduallyincreasedduringAugustandSeptember.Maximumparasitismwasrecordedin
November.Studiesindicatedthattemperatureaffectedtheestablishmentoftheparasitoid,and
populationsincreasedsignificantlywhenfavourableconditionsprevailedinthecottonfield.
Abstract (Continued…)
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InroductionThepinkbollworm,PBW,Pectinophoragossypiella(Lepidoptera:Gelechii
dae)isapestofgreateconomicimportanceinmanycotton-
growingcountries.Thecontrolofthispestdependslargelyontheapplicationofpesticides,whichhasprecipitatedthe
developmentofresistance.Asaresult,inordertoachieveeffectivecontrol,morechemicala
pplicationsperseasonareneeded[1].Furthermore,controlofthispestusinginsecticidesb
ecomesineffectiveduetotheconcealedfeedinghabitsofthelarvaeinsidethecottonbolls[2].T
hecontinuedapplicationofinsecticidetomanagethispestalsocanleadtoseriousoutbre
aksofsecondarypestsincotton[3,4] .
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Inroduction (Continued…) Alternativecontrolstrategies,suchasmatingdisruptionwithsyntheticpheromone[5
,6]and conservationofnaturalenemies[7],arebeingstudiedfortheirpotentialroleinaninteg
rated pestmanagementprogramforPBW.AlthougheffectivecontrolofPBWusingmating disruptionhasbeenreportedinPakistan[5,6],secondaryinfestationsbythespotted bollworm,Aeriasvittella(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),requireadditionalinsecticideap
plications fortheircontrol.Assuch,thefullpotentialofmatingdisruptionmayonlybeachievedifit
is integratedwithotherenvironmentallyfriendlytechniquesthatcancontroltheotherb
ollworm species.Theeggparasitoid,Trichogrammachilonishasthepotentialtocontrolallthre
e speciesofcottonbollwormsandwouldintegratewellwithmatingdisruptiononanarea
-wide basis.
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Materials And Methods Studieswereconductedinasemi-
isolatedarea(202.35ha)plantedwithcotton.Theareawas dividedintofiveblocksthatreceivedonethefollowingtreatments.Thefirstblockwastrea
ted withTrichogrammachiloniswhichhadbeenrearedoneggsoftheAngoumoisgrainmoth (Sitotrogacerealelld)inthelaboratory.Theparasitoidcolonywasmaintainedat25±2°Ca
nd 60±70%relativehumidity.Topreparetheparasitoidsforrelease,eggsoftheAngoumois grainmothweregluedtowhitepapercardsandexposedtoadultparasitoidsfor24h.The parasitoidswerereleasedinthefieldbyattachingthecardswithparasitizedeggst
ocotton leavesat1 4dintervalsattherateof20,000parasitoidsperhectareforthedurationofthe season.ThesecondblockwastreatedwithcommerciallyavailablePBWandspotted bollwormpheromonesattheprescribedrates[8,9] .Thethirdblockreceivedacombinati
onof
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Materials And Methods (Cont…) parasitoidsandpheromones.Thefourthblockwastreatedwithconventionalin
secticides, receivingatotalofsixspraysduringtheseason.Thefift
hblockwasuntreatedandservedasa control. Thepresenceandestablishmentoftheparasitoidsinthecottonfieldswasascer
tainedusing sentinelcardsofAngoumoisgrainmotheggspreparedasdescribedabove.The
secardswere lef
tinthefieldfor24handthenbroughtbacktothelaboratory.Theassessmentwasrepeated
every1 5days.Inaddition,fieldinfestationsofpinkandspottedbollwormswererecordedat
weeklyintervals.ThedatawereanalyzedstatisticallyusingtheDMRtest.
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Results And Discussion Pinkandspottedbollwormswereeffectivelycontrolledinblocksreceivingthecombi
nation ofpheromonesandeggparasitoids(Table1).Infestationsofbothspeciesintheinsecti
cide treatedblockswerecomparabletothosefoundinthepheromoneplusparasitoidtrea
tments. However,infestationsdetectedintheblockthatreceivedonlyparasitoidsoronlyphe
romones wasmuchhigherthanintheothertreatments.InthecaseofPBWonflowers,thisdiffer
ence wassignificant.SpottedbollworminfestationswerehigherthanPBWinallthetreatm
ents. Thismightbeduethepossibilitythatthespottedbollwormpheromonebecamelesse
ffective overtimebecauseofdegradationandisomerizationofactiveingredientsbyultraviol
etlight [9].
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Results And Discussion
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Pinkandspottedbollworminfestationsweresignificantlylowerinalltreatmentsascompared totheuntreatedcontrolssuggestingthatalltreatmentshadsomedegreeoffieldeffectiveness. However,parasitoidestablishmentinthefieldwaslowduringthewarmestmothsand graduallyincreasedasthetemperatureandrelativehumiditybecamemorefavourable(Table 2).ParasitoidestablishmentstartedincreasinginAugustandmaximumparasitismrateswere recordedduringNovember.Ourresultssuggestthattemperatureinthefieldplaysan importantroleintheestablishmentandfieldpersistenceoftheparasitoids. Ourresultssuggestthatpheromonesbythemselvesdidnotcontroltheinfestationofboth speciesofbollwormsaseffectivelyastheuseofcombinedtreatments(parasitoidsplus pheromones).However,thetruetreatmenteffectsmayhavebeenobscuredbecausethe distancebetweenourdifferentblocksmayhavebeentoosmall(~50m).Henneberryetal.[10] suppressedPBWwithpheromonestoasignificantdegreewhencomparedwithresults
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recordedininsecticidetreatedblocks.However,theirexperimentswereconductedinlarge
isolatedareas.Parasitoidshavelongbeenrecognizedasanimportantinsectsuppressivetool
andinmanycasestheyhavecontrolledthetargetpesttoadegreewherenofurthercontrol
treatmentshavebeennecessary.Nonetheless,biologicalcontrolhasnotalwaysprovided
adequatecontrol[11].Ourpreliminaryresultssuggestthattheapplicationofparasitoidsin
combinationwithpheromonesmightbeappropriateforthecontrolofthelepidopteranpest
complexincottoninPakistan.Studiesinlargeisolatedblocksshouldbeconductedtoassess
theful lpotentialofcombiningtheseenvironmentallyfriendlytactics.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThisworkwassupportedbyIAEAunderaCoordin
atedResearchProgrammeNo7168/RB;wegratefullyacknowledgetheirhelp
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nt regimes,Environ.Entomol.4(1975):993-996.
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[5]QURESHI,Z.A.,N.AHMADANDA.R.BUGHIO,Efficacyofgossyplureforthe controlofpinkbollworm,Pectinophoragossypiella(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae),Z. ang.Entomol.100(1985):176-179. [6]CRITCHLEY,B.R.,D.J.CHAMBERLAIN,D.C.CAMPION,M.R.ATTIQUE,M. ALIANDA.GHAFFAR,Integrateduseofpinkbollwormpheromoneformulations andselectedconventionalinsecticidesforthecontrolofthecottonpestcomplexin Pakistan,Bull.Entomol.Res.81(1991):371-378. 83 [7]NARANJO,S.E.,LifehistoryofTrichogrammabactrae(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae),aneggparasitoidofpinkbollworm(Lepidoptera:Gelechiida
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