Industrial Revolution

The Textile Industry

The Iron Industry

The Coal Industry

The Textile Industry ‘‘the Cottage Industry’’The main material used in the textile industry

was Wool. The process of cloth making passed by three main steps:

1. Carding: separating the short staples of wool from the raw mass.

2. Spinning: joining these staples into a continious thread

3. Weaving: the continious thread was woven into clothes, this step entiled the hand loom.

What was wrong with the Cottage industry before the revolution?Though textile under this system allowed

work to be done in the free atmosphere of home, and helped families making earning, its main weakness was that spinning was a very much slower process than weaving.

Spinning Wheal

Hand Loom

Revolutionazing the Textile IndustryFlying Shuttle by John Kay:His invention made weaving faster, thus increasing the

disparity in speed between weaving and spinninig.Spinning Jenny by Hargreaves:This was an attempt to speed up spinning to the level

required for the Flying Shuttle, but it has one main defect: the resultant thread was fine, but weak

The Water-Frame by Arkwright:This was another attempt to speed the spinning

process; this time the thread produced was strong but not fine (coarse or rough).

The Mule by Samual Crompton:

It was a combination of the Spinning Jenny and the Water-Frame. The Spinning Jenny produced fine but weak thread, and the Water-Frame produced strong but coarce thread. The result was the invention of the Mule: Strong and fine thread.

Iron IndustryThe iron industry has two stages:

1. Smelting: metal extraction process in which an ore is heated at high temperature in an enclosed furnace.

2_Forging: forming a shape for the metal through heating

or hammering

What was wrong with iron industry before the revolution?Lack of fuel in the smelting process, for

generations, the charcoal was used, but now the British forests became exhausted. Britain had to depend on other countries for iron because charcoal was both scarce and expensive.

The solution to this problem was to find another fuel rather than charcoal. The coal was suggested, but when it was employed in the smelting process releases sulphur which made the iron too brittle to be forged.

Darby’s Coke Smelting Process:

Darby worked hard to employ coal in the smelting process instead of charcoal. He focused on making coal loses its sulphur. He could achieve this through turning coal into coke, so that the coal loses most of its sulphur as sulphurous gases. But the resulting iron was unworkable for the process of forging.

The Puddling Process:

Cort invented the Puddling Furnace. A method of converting pig iron (impure iron) into wrought iron (iron ready to be forged, purer that the pig iron) by subjecting it to heat with the presence of oxidizing substances

The Puddling Furnace

Coal IndustryThe revolution in the coal industry can be

summarized in overcoming the following handicaps:

1. Flooding:As miners got deeper, they were more likely to

face flooding problems. In the begining they used the steam pump, but it was not effective. In 1979, James Watt introduced the most important innovation in the industrial revolution: it is the steam engine which allowed digging deeper and solved the danger of floods.

The Danger of Explosion:

In coal mines, there exist poisonous or explosive gases and if one candle is lit the whole mine goes ablaze. To solve this problem, children were hired as ‘trappers’ to open and shut trap doors.

The trapper of the Industrial Revolution

Using trappers was not effective for it caused problems of ventilation.

The problem of explosion was solved with the introduction of the Safety Lamp by Davy

In addition to the Exhaust Fan

Results of the Industrial Revolution:

The Industrial Revolution

Imperialism (Mercantilist theory)

The Emergence of Britain as a leading political

power

Disfiguration of nature and the emergence of

some of the literary mvts

Bad working Conditions whci led to the rise of

trade unions

All praise be to Allah. I hope that other people benifit from this presentation.