A Presentation By:-ABHYUDAY RAJ SINHAB. Tech(MAE)-5th Semester

A7605413070Amity School of Engineering and Technology

• India is the largest democracy in the world, the seventh largest country and the second most populous.

• It has 29 states and 6 Union-territories.

• There are 22 official languages, 114 languages, 216 mother tongues and 216 dialects in India.

• Four major religions of the world have originated from India: Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism.

• India is one of the oldest continuous civilisations. The story of civilisation begins in India with the Harrapan civilisation which was nurtured on the banks of Sindhu and Saraswatirivers in the North-Western India in around 3000 B.C.

• In short we can say that India is a picture of diversity seen in her people, cultures, colourful festivals, dresses and costumes, religions, flora and fauna and varying landscapes.

Indus Valley Civilisation(2800 BCE – 1900 BCE)

Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s.

It was a bronze age civilisation which persisted for 700-1,000 years and covered an area of over half a million square miles from Baluchistan in Pakistan to the Ganga basin in the north east of Delhi.

This highly developed civilization of urban nature was endowed with the art of writing and arts such as dancing, extended even beyond the valleys of the Ganges and the Yamuna.

Till now, over 1,056 cities and settlements had been found, of which 96 have been excavated, mainly in the general region of the Indus and the Saraswati Rivers and their tributaries.

The Vedic Period(1500 BCE – 500 BCE)

It was during this period that India presented to human culture one of its invaluable contributions – the Vedic Literature. It was attributed to the Aryans who came from Central Asia after the collapse of Indus Valley Civilisation and flourished in India as a well-knit agricultural society.

It was during this period that the states called the mahaajanapadas of northern India took shape.

The Vedic literature comprises mainly the four Vedas(The Rig Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda, and the AtharvaVeda). Then there were the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, the epics of Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the Upanishads that represent the culmination of the Vedic thought.

The so-called chaturvarnya system or the four-layered arrangement of social order established the caste system in India – the priestly class of brahmins, the warrior class of the kshatriyas, the trading and farming class of the vaishyas, and the working class of the shudras.

The Aryan culture was basically pastoral and agricultural. The people worshipped the thunder and rain god Indra, the fire god Agni, the earth and sea god Varuna, the sun god Surya, the air god Vayu.

The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of large, urbanized states as well as of shramana movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.

Lord Mahavir and Gautam Buddha were the founders of Jainism and Buddhism respectively. Jainism has historically been largely confined to India, whereas Buddhism originated in India but subsequently flourished in other Asian countries. Buddhism separates itself from the Jain tradition by teaching an alternative to "extreme asceticism".

Indian Rulers(322 BCE – 1192 CE)

Mahapadma Nanda, who has been described in the Puranas as "the destroyer of all the Kshatriyas", defeated many kingdoms and founded the Nanda Dynasty in 345 BCE. The rulers of this dynasty were famed for the great wealth which they accumulated.

The Nanda Empire was conquered by Chandragupta Mauryawith the help of Kautilya in 322 BCE, who founded the MauryaEmpire with its capital city as Pataliputra and became the first emperor to unify most of Greater India into one state.

He became well known in the Greek world for defeating the most powerful of Alexander's successors, Seleucus I Nicator, in battle and thereby marrying his daughter.

His grandson Ashoka is said to be the greatest ruler India has ever had. He conquered the state of Kalinga which none of his ancestors could. The Empire experienced nearly half a century of peace and security under him.

Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge.

After Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire fell rapidly and again small princely states began to form from it. The kingdoms which succeeded the Mauryans were The Shunga Dynasty, Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Scythian Kingdom, the Indo-Parthian Kingdom and many more.

In 240 CE Sri Gupta starts the Gupta Empire in Magadha, with its capital in Pataliputra. The peace and prosperity created under the leadership of the Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavours. This period is called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. Chandra Gupta I, Samudra Gupta, and Chandra Gupta II were the most notable rulers of the Gupta dynasty. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields.

In 450 CE the Hunas attacked the empire and subsequently it fell after the death of Skandgupta in 554 CE. After this the notable ruler was Harshvardhan who defeated the Hunas in 606 CE.

Meanwhile, in the southern India, Chola Dynasty under the leadership of Rajaraja Chola was growing as one of the most powerful dynasty of that time. The other notable ruler of this dynasty was Rajendra Chola under whom Kannada Literature flourished in the south.

Mahmud of Ghazni invades India for the first time in 1000 CE and later invades it again seventeen times between 997 and 1030. The most notable ruler of that time was Prithviraj Chauhan , a Rajput king, who ruled kingdoms of Ajmer and Delhi. He was the last independent Hindu King to sit on the throne of Delhi from 1179-1192 and was subsequently defeated by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain.

The Delhi Sultanate(1206 CE-1526 CE)

The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based mostly in Delhi and the Punjab region that stretched over large parts of theIndian subcontinent for 320 years .Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori, was the first sultan of Delhi and his Mamluk dynasty conquered large areas of northern India. Afterwards the Khilji dynasty was also able to conquer most of central India, but both failed to unite the Indian subcontinent. This sultanate also is noted for being one of the few states to repel an attack from the Mongol Empire, and enthroned one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana from 1236 to 1240. The Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, during the Tughlaq dynasty, covering most of Indian subcontinent. The sultanate declined thereafter, with continuing Hindu-Muslim wars, and kingdoms such as Vijayanagara Empire re-asserting their independence as well as new Muslim sultanates such as Bengal Sultanate breaking off. The other dynasties of the sultanate were Sayyid and Lodi dynasties. The last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate was Ibrahim Lodi who was defeated and killed by Mughal king Babur in the first battle of Panipath on April 21, 1526 .

The Mughal Dynasty(1526 CE – 1857 CE)

On August 21, 1526 the Mughal emperor, Babur establsihed the Mughal dynasty in India.During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Suri Empire under Sher Shah Suri. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, India enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior. He also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms.The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.

The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628–58 was the Golden Age of Mughal Architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort.

Meanwhile, in western parts of India, Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak Saheb spreads. Other Sikh gurus also attract many followers from their teachings.

The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji Bhosale.

By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had routed Mughal armies, and won over several Mughal provinces from the Punjab to Bengal, and internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the Mughal Empire's administrative and economic systems, leading to the break-up of the empire and declaration of independence of its former provinces by the Nawabs of Bengal, Oudh, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Shah of Afghanistan and other small states.

During the following century Mughal power had become severely limited and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, had authority over only the city of Shahjahanabad. He issued a firman supporting the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and following the defeat was therefore tried by the British East India Company for treason, imprisoned and exiled to Rangoon.

The Company Rule in India(1757 CE - 1857 CE)

This rule commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal Sirajuddaulah surrendered his dominions to the Company under Robert Clive.

In 1765 the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar. In 1773 the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

The East India Company was a private company owned by stockholders and reporting to a board of directors in London. Originally formed as a monopoly on trade, it increasingly took on governmental powers with its own army and judiciary.

The Company's rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857, it was abolished. With the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj.

The British Rule in India(1857 CE – 1947 CE) The region under British Raj included areas directly administered by Britain as well as the princely states ruled by

individual rulers under the paramountcy of the British Crown. The Empire of India was officially created by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli for Queen Victoria in 1876.

Historical events like formation of Indian National Congress(1885), Partition of Bengal(1905), Social reforms under Moderates and Extremists(up to 1907), formation of the Muslim League(1906), shifting of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi(1911), Rabindranath Tagore won the Noble Prize in Literature(1913), First World War(1915-1919), Home rule movement(1916), the Rowlatt Act of 1919 which led to Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, took place. Leaders like Dadabhai Nauroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Lala Lajpatrai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, BipinChandra Pal, Annie Besant, etc. took an active part in the movements against the British Rule during this period.

The era from 1915-1947 is also known as the Gandhian era as the Indian Independence movement of this period was largely influenced by the thoughts and activities of Mahatma Gandhi. He started the Satyagrahmovement(1917), Swadeshi and Non-cooperation movement(1920), Civil disobedience movement(1930) and the Quit India Movement(1942). Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, Chandrashekhar Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose took an active part in the freedom movement at that time.

With the decline of British Power after the Second World War(1939-1945) and the impact of freedom movements on the whole country, the British Raj finally divided the country into two sovereign dominion states: the Union of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan)and ended it’s reign on 15th August, 1947.

Post Independence(Up to 1950)

There were officially 565 princely states, in India at the time of independence in August 1947, apart from thousands of zamindaris and jagirs.The Indian Independence Act of 1947 passed by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India gave freedom to every princely state to either join India/Pakistan or stay as an independent state. This created a big problem for the fathers of the Modern India as how to stop the country from getting shattered.Meanwhile, the Governor General of Pakistan, M.A. Jinnah was trying his best to pursue the kings of princely states of western India to join Pakistan at any condition. Here, it was Pandit Nehru, the first Prime Minister of Independent India and Sardar Patel who prevented 557 states from joining Pakistan and thereby submitting their kingdoms and powers to the government of India. The accession process was largely peaceful except in the case of Jammu & Kashmir (whose king decided to accede to India, but only after an invasion by Pakistan-based tribal militia) and Hyderabad. Because of his thinking and policies, Jawaharlal Nehru is called as The architect of modern India.

Independent India(Disputes with Pakistan)India-Pakistan war of 1947: Fearing that the state of Jammu & Kashmir might also accede to India like other states, the Pakistani Governor General M.A. Jinnah ordered his troops to annex the state in 1947. The Indian government protested against this and there started a war between the two. Finally, the United Nation Organisation had to interfere and a Line of Control was established.

India-Pakistan war of 1965: This war started in 1965 following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war witnessed the largest tank battle since World War II. The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

India-Pakistan war of 1972: People of East Pakistan were revolting for the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan. India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh liberation movement in 1972. Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the People's Republic of Bangladesh was created.

India-Pakistan war of 1999: During early 1999, Pakistani troops along with Kashmiri insurgents infiltrated across the Line of Control (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the Kargil district. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators. Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the United States, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.

Notable instances up to 2000On 26, Januray,1950 the Constitution of India was passed by the parliament of India and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first president of the Republic India.In 1974, India explodes first nuclear device in underground test.In 1975, Indira Gandhi declares state of emergency after being found guilty of electoral malpractice. In 1980, first satellite earth station for domestic communications was established at Sikandarabad, U.P.In 1983, the Indian Cricket Team under the captaincy of Kapil Dev won the cricket World Cup for the first time.In 1984, Troops storm Golden Temple - Sikhs' most holy shrine (after Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale amasses weapons inside this Holy Shrine)- to flush out Sikh terrorist pressing for self-rule, called Operation Blue Star. Later, that year, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by Sikh bodyguards, following which her son, Rajiv, takes over.In 1987, India deploys troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict.In 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers.In 1992, Babri Mosque in Ayodhya was demolished, triggering widespread Hindu-Muslim violence.In July,1995, West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu made the first call from Kolkata to inaugurate the cellular services in India. In the same year Internet was also introduced in India in Laxmi Nagar, New Delhi.In the General Elections of 1996, Congress suffers worst ever electoral defeat as Hindu nationalist BJP emerges as largest single party.In 1998, India carries out nuclear tests, leading to widespread international condemnation.In February, 1999, Vajpayee made historic bus trip to Pakistan to meet Premier Nawaz Sharif and to sign bilateral Lahore peace declaration.In May, 2000, India marked the birth of its billionth citizen, and many more...

From 2000 - 2014

In January, 2000, a high-powered rocket was launched, adding India to the club of countries able to fire big satellites deep into space. In the same month, massive earthquakes hit the western state of Gujarat, leaving at least 30,000 dead.In December 2001, suicide squad attacked parliament in New Delhi, killing several police. The five gunmen died in the assault.In January 2002, India successfully test-fired a nuclear-capable ballistic missile - the Agni - off its eastern coast. Same year Inter-religious bloodshed broke out after 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya were killed in a train fire in Godhra, Gujarat. More than 1,000 people died in subsequent riots.In December, 2004, Thousands were killed when tsunami tidal waves, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake off the Indonesian coast which led to the devastation of the coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.In April,2007, India's first commercial space rocket was launched, carrying an Italian satellite.In October, 2008, India successfully launched its first mission to the moon, the unmanned lunar probe Chandrayaan-1.Next month, nearly 200 people are killed and hundreds injured in a series of coordinated attacks by gunmen on the main tourist and business area of India's financial capital Mumbai.On November 5, 2013, Mars Orbiter Mission, was successfully launched into Mars orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and many more...

2014 and Onwards(Current Scenario)

On 16 May, 2014 Narendra Modi was elected as prime minister of India and the Congress was routed in the general elections.

Now Barack Obama and China supports India’s bid for permanent UNSC seat.

Australia is set to sign a Nuclear Power deal with India to supply around 500 tonnes of Uranium to India

French National Railways has agreed to co-finance an execution study for a semi- high speed project on upgradation of the Delhi-Chandigarh line to 200 kmph

India will build 4 Hydroelectric power stations + Dams in Bhutan (India will get lion’s share in Green energy that will be produced in future from these projects)

Satya Nadella (Microsoft), Indra Nooyi (Pepsico), Sunder Pichai (Google), Jeff Bezos (Amazon), Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook) and other big brands discusses possible investments in Digital India Project.

India will build Biggest ever dam of Nepal (China was trying hard to get that) – India will get 83% Green energy produce from that hydro power station for free – in future.

India managed to bring back 4,500+ Indians from War zone in Yemen and also brought foreign nationals of 41 different countries, which put India’s name onto the highest platform globally in conducting that rescue mission and many more...

India in 2020: Will it be as Dr. Kalam expected it to be?

In his book India 2020 Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a strong nation by the year 2020. He regards his nation as a knowledge superpower and developed nation by 2020. He has set up a target for all the youth in India on how to make India developed by 2020.

Here are some top predictions from around the world of what India will look like in 2020:India will overtake China as the fastest-growing economy in the world.In the 2000s, India finally gained entry into the nuclear club, and sanctions against it were lifted. By 2020, Indian companies will be major exporters of nuclear equipment, a vital link in the global supply chain. So, India will be in a position to impose nuclear sanctions on others.India, along with the US and Canada, will develop new technology to extract natural gas from gas hydrates - a solidified form of gas lying on ocean floors. India has the largest gas hydrate deposits in the world, and so will become the biggest global producer.More and more regions of India will demand separate statehood. By 2020, India will have 35 states instead of the current 29 and a population of nearly 1.5 billion.The US will withdraw from the regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan, leaving India to bear the brunt of consequences. Terrorism will rise in India, but the economy will still keep growing.

India by 2050

35 years from now, nobody knows how the world will look like. Yet, here are some top predictions about India by that time:

By 2050, India will overtake People's Republic of China to top the list of the most populous countries, and these two countries represent about 50% of world population (as against 37% today).

World class education in India with an overall literacy rate of 95%.

100% electrified and Electricity/Power surplus country with a world class infrastructure. Touch Screens everywhere from Classroom Board to Voting Machine.

India will grow to be the third most powerful country on earth – marginally behind China and USA, but well ahead of Japan, Russia and Europe.

Advancements in medical sciences will increase the average human life span to be more than 120 years.

The year 2050 is quite far from now. The predictions that are being done about this distinct future may vary from the reality. The changing environment, drastic increase in population, industrialisation can lead anything to happen by that time.

India in the 22nd Century and beyond The biggest prediction about the 22nd Century is that by 2200, that Earth will become a Type I civilization(Type I

civilization uses complete resources available on its home planet) on the Kardashev scale.

Other predictions that are made all around the world are :

Due to climatic changes the map of India will change. The islands of Andaman, Nicobar, Lakshadweep and some part of southern India will get submerged into the sea.

The temperature will change drastically from -50⁰ C to 80 ⁰C. Humans will find out ways to tackle such changes.

Due to population outburst people will start migrating to Moon and Mars.

All the living beings will evolve to get adapted to the environmental changes.

Humans will have mono-ethnicity, Weakened immune systems, increased heights, no hair, small teeth and brain rewiring(As technology becomes more and more advanced, our brains will adapt in order to maximize efficiency).

Well, these are just predictions which are made on the basis of past and present scenario. Anything can happen in the near or far future that will bring either an extraordinary development or complete destruction

Nobody Knows... !!