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elearning: promises and practices
Peter TittenbergerLearning Technologies Centre
University of ManitobaOctober, 2008
Change pressures information growthopen movementstudent habits
How does education respond? values of formal educationthe role of elearning
Information growth
In 2006, the amount of digital information created, captured, and replicated was 161 exabytes or 161 billion gigabytes … This is about 3 million times the information in all the books ever written.
The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe
Information growth
Between 2006 and 2010, the information added annually to the digital universe will increase more than six fold from 161 exabytes to 988 exabytes.
The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe
Information growth
Images, captured by more than 1 billion devices in the world, from digital cameras and camera phones to medical scanners and security cameras, comprise the largest component of the digital universe.
The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe
Information growth
Chevron's CIO says his company accumulates data at the rate of 2 terabytes – 17,592,000,000,000 bits – a day.
The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe
More than 3,000 new books are published . . .
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
It’s estimated that a week’s worth of New York Times . . .
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
Contains more information than a person was likely to come across in a lifetime in the 18th century.
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
The amount of new technical information is doubling every 2 years.
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
It’s predicted to double every 72 hours by 2010.
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
By 2013 a supercomputer will be built that exceeds the computation capability of the human brain . . .
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
By 2023, a $1,000 computer will exceed the computation capability of the human brain . . .
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
And while technical predictions further out than about 15 years are hard to do . . .
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
Predictions are that by 2049 a $1,000 computer will exceed the computational capabilities of the human race.
Karl Fischhttp://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html
What’s happening?DecentralizationDemocratizationChanging notion of what it means to knowContinual suspended certaintyChaotic (diverse, messy and unbounded)
open technology– Linux (OS)– Apache (web server)– mySQL (database)– Moodle, Sakai (LMS)– Wordpress (blogs)– Drupal (CMS)– Mediawiki (wikis)– Open Journal Systems (publishing)– DimDim (web conferencing)– Etc…
free supporting software– Firefox (browser)– Thunderbird (email)– Skype (VOIP)– OpenOffice – Audacity (audio)– Etc…
free web services– Blogs (blogger.com)– Google groups– Image sharing (Flickr)– Video (youtube)– Bookmarking (delicious)– Wikis (pbwiki)– Webconferencing (wiziq)– RSS readers (Pageflakes)– Presentations (slideshare)
75,000,000 photos
open content
Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others.
open content
Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.
open educational resources
“shifting faculty perspectives from this courseware is mine to this courseware is for (open) mining.”
open educational resources
The Cape Town Open Education Declaration
“everyone should have the freedom to use, customize, improve and redistribute educational resources without constraint.”
October 1, 2008171 organizations and 1680 individuals signed
open educational resources– OpenCourseware Consortium
• Over 200 HE institutions– OpenLearn (Open University)– Internet Archive– OER initiatives
• Hewlett Packard• Rice Connexions• UNESCO• OECD
– Curriki– Merlot– Creative Commons
open access
– 25,000 peer-reviewed journals published worldwide
– 2.5 million articles per year– Most universities subscribe to only a small
set of these
open access
– 2002 Budapest declaration - open access to peer reviewed journal literature is the goal
– Open access aims to remove restrictions that exist on the access to articles and knowledge to the world wide scholarly community, in particular to those in developing countries.
open access
Public Library of Science publishes under an open access license that allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
open access
"Harvard University's Faculty of Arts and Sciences adopted the world's 38th Green Open Access Self-Archiving Mandate"
open access
"The objective of the Harvard mandate is to provide Open Access (OA) to its own scholarly article output. This objective is accomplished by making those articles freely accessible on the web by depositing them in a Harvard OA Institutional Repository."
open teaching
David Wiley taught an online course at Utah State University last fall and let anyone fully participate
5 students, joined 15 who had registered, and got a ‘home-made certificate’ from Dr. Wiley.–
open teaching
200 students informally followed a course by Alec Couros, information and communication technology coordinator for the School of Education at the University of Regina, in Saskatchewan.
“the emerging open education movement in higher education and beyond is beginning to change the way educators use, share, and improve educational resources and knowledge by making them open and freely available.”
1995
• Amazon.com launched• RealAudio, audio streaming
technology, developed • Traditional online dial-up
systems (Compuserve, America Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet access
• eBay founded as Auctionweb
1996
• The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft
• 342,081 websites (August)
• Hotmail launched
2007Google surpasses Microsoft as "the most valuable global brand," and also is the most visited Web site.
1.114 billion people use the Internet
Microsoft buys 1.6% of Facebook for $US 240 million making Facebook worth $US15 billion
A spring 2007 survey and interviews with 27,846 freshman, senior, and community college students at 103 American higher education institutions indicated:
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
98.4% own a computer 75.8% own a laptop
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
99.9% create, read and send email
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
83% use course management systems
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
78.3% play computer and video games
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
77.8% download music or video
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
70.5% agree that IT helps them do better research for their courses
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
61% agree that IT in courses improves their learning
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
Today’s undergraduate student spends an average of 18 hours per week online
The ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007
They are the first generation to grow up with the Internet – pervasive, always-on, and now … mobile.
The Web has shifted from being a medium, in which information is transmitted and consumed, into being a platform, in which content is created, shared, remixed, repurposed, and passed along.
Stephen Downes
the emergence of Web 2.0 is not a technological revolution, it is a social revolution
Stephen Downes
What is surprising perhaps is … the sophisticated ways in which they are finding and synthesizing information and integrating across multiple sources of data.
JISC LXP Student experiences of technologies Draft final reportGráinne Conole, Maarten de Laat, Teresa Dillon and Jonathan Darby1The Open University, 2Exeter University, 3Polar Producehttp://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/elearningpedagogy/lxpprojectfinalreportdec06.pdf
… there is strong evidence of peer support and peer community, resonant with the rhetoric inherent in the idea of social networking and the world of Web 2.0.
JISC LXP Student experiences of technologies Draft final reportGráinne Conole, Maarten de Laat, Teresa Dillon and Jonathan Darby1The Open University, 2Exeter University, 3Polar Producehttp://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/elearningpedagogy/lxpprojectfinalreportdec06.pdf
“popular culture has, on average, grown more complex and intellectually challenging over the past thirty years."
Steven Berlin Johnson
Over the past few years I’ve had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory.
Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose.
“Students are demonstrating new skills in terms of harnessing the potential of technologies for their learning. These include new forms of evaluation skills and strategies ( searching, restructuring, validating), which enable them to critique and make critical decisions about a variety of sources and content.”
JISC LXO: Student experiences of technologies
“The use of these tools is changing the way we gather, use and create knowledge. There is a shift in the basic skills with a shift from lower to higher levels of Blooms taxonomy, necessary to make sense of their complex technologically enriched learning environment.”
JISC LXO: Student experiences of technologies
Decrease in verbal-linguistic and logical mathematical intelligence.
Increase in spatial intelligence.
Mark Bauerlein, The Dumbest Generation
“The simple fact is that kids aren't reading, aren't engaging in wider cultural experiences, aren't developing broad horizons of interest or knowledge. And so, they are not building the cognitive frameworks they require for a flourishing life”
Mark Nichols
“in school they are expected to submit to a pedagogic regime that is fundamentally premised on the transmission and testing of decontextualised knowledge and skills, and which is dominated by “old generation” technologies (Web 1.0) underpinned by a radically different philosophy and a different set of affordances.”
Learning from digital natives: bridging formal and informal learning
cognitive growthconceptual maturitythe development of reasoningexposure to alternatives
The promise – the values of a formal education
Formal education puts boundaries on knowledge – courses circumscribe what has to be learned.
The practice
Formal education defines outcomes – programs extract meaningful chunks (courses) and sequence them
The practice
Provides structure and discipline– through place/space/time (both physical and virtual)
The practice
“Formal and informal learning have been viewed as competing paradigms, however, students are increasingly adopting the tools and strategies for informal learning within formalised educational settings.”
"a widening of the gap between the culture of the educational institutions and the culture of learners' lives outside school" (p.4)
What formal education doescan it adopt the tools and strategies used by students for informal learning within formalised educational settings?
“Electronic learning (or e-Learning or eLearning) is a type of education where the medium of instruction is computer technology. No in-person interaction may take place in some instances.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning
From the simplest … a traditional face to face course augmented with email communication between instructor and students and/or students to students
To a blended course… where traditional learning activities are moved online (e.g. bulletin board discussion, simulation, or online test) with a reduction in face to face contact time.
To an online course . . . where all content, communication, interaction and assessment are delivered through technology.
to try collaboration and open access through a social networking site, wiki projects, new partnerships for online courses and a massively open online course (MOOC)
Online certificate program in HIV/AIDS Program Administration with Regional Aids Training Network in Africa.
Courses to Sedaya (Malaysia) and Birzeit (Palestine)