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Presentation by Valentin Groues Semantic Technologies Seminar, Tudor Research Centre, Luxembourg, 21/03/2011
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HYbrid semantic and fuzzy approaches to context-aware PERsonalisation
Valentin Grouès
Supported by the National Research Fund, Luxembourg1
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Title: HYbrid semantic and fuzzy approaches to context-aware PERsonalisation
Supervisors: Dr Yannick Naudet (CRPHT) - Ph.Dr Odej Kao (TuB)
Hypothesis: The perceived results of personalisation systems can be improved by combining the reasoning capabilities given by Semantic Web technologies and the representation of human imprecisions through fuzzy theory.
HyPer
Recommender Systems
How to look for a needle in a haystack?
Just use the appropriate tool
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How to filter and find the needed information in a perpetually growing amount of data? Recommender systems aim at providing personalised suggestions about items, actions or content considered of interest to the user
Recommender Systems
Content-based recommender sytems:
– recommend items similar to those the user has previously liked/experienced
Limitations:- over-specialisation
- new user problem
- requires good description of items
Limitations:- over-specialisation
- new user problem
- requires good description of items
Advantages:- no cold start for new items
- doesn’t require many users, can work in a one user environment.
- can provide explanations
Advantages:- no cold start for new items
- doesn’t require many users, can work in a one user environment.
- can provide explanations
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Recommender Systems
Collaborative Filtering (Amazon, Netflix, etc.) 1. Look for users who share a similar rating pattern to that of the active user
2. Use the ratings from like-minded users found in step 1 to calculate a prediction for a given item.
Limitations:- new user and new item problem
(cold start)- sparsity problem- grey sheep problem- non diversity problem - not suitable for items sold only
once
Limitations:- new user and new item problem
(cold start)- sparsity problem- grey sheep problem- non diversity problem - not suitable for items sold only
once
Advantages:- no need for item description
- almost solves the over-specialisation problem of CBF
- good precision
- low-cost capture of complex taste mechanisms
Advantages:- no need for item description
- almost solves the over-specialisation problem of CBF
- good precision
- low-cost capture of complex taste mechanisms
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Recommender Systems
Hybrid Systems Demographic Filtering (DMF):
– Categorizes the user based on his/her profile to provide recommendations based on demographic clusters.
– The user will be recommended items similar to the ones other members of the same demographic characteristics liked.
Knowledge-based recommender:–Use a priori domain knowledge to match user requirements
with the properties of items. This approach uses explicit models of both the users and the products being recommended.
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How to improve Recommender Systems?
1. Better methods for representing user behavior and information about items
2. Focusing on generating an accurate list of recommendation rather than a list full of individually accurate recommendations
3. Incorporation of contextual information into recommendation process
4. Development of less intrusive and more flexible recommendation methods, explanations
5. Development of recommender system effectiveness measures
=> Semantics + Context-awareness + Fuzzy SetsAdomavicius, G. and Tuzhilin, A. Toward the next generation of recommender systems: a survey of the state-of-the-art and possible extensions. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 17, 6 (2005), 734-749.Lops, G. , Gemmis, M., Semeraro, G. Content-based Recommender Systems: State of the Art and Trends, in Recommender Systems Handbook, 2010
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Need for Semantics
Semantic ambiguity:
User: u=(Indonesia=0.7;Java=0.9;island=0.2)
Items: d1=(Java=0.4;hotel=0.8), d2=(Java=0.4;software=0.8)
pref(d1,u)=pref(d2,u)=0.19
Distinction between the two concepts is essential for not producing undesirable recommendations
islandprogramming
language
Iván Cantador. "Exploiting the Conceptual Space in Hybrid Recommender Systems: a Semantic-based Approach". 2008, Madrid
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Need for Semantics
Assumption of terms independance:
User: u=(Indonesia=0.7;Java=0.9;island=0.2)
Items: d1=(Java=0.4;hotel=0.8), d2 =(Java=0.4;archipelago=0.8)
pref(d1,u)=pref(d2,u)=0.19
Iván Cantador. "Exploiting the Conceptual Space in Hybrid Recommender Systems: a Semantic-based Approach". 2008, Madrid
island island
Assumption of terms independance:
User: u=(Indonesia=0.7;Java=0.9;island=0.2)
Items: d1=(Java=0.4;hotel=0.8), d2 =(Java=0.4;archipelago=0.8)
Semantic relations between concepts have to be considered
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Context awareness
Mobile environment Different situations can correspond to different needs Geographical location, time of day, weather, etc.
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Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic
To represent imprecise information inherent to the human way of thinking
Humans have a tendency to use imprecise concepts for claiming tastes: “cheap restaurant”, “long movie”, “young actor”, etc.
Limitations of crisp systems:– For a user willing to find a restaurant with a cost up to 20€ the system
will equally discard a restaurant costing 21€ as a restaurant costing 300€.
a user would prefer having an answer proportional to the distance between his ideal preference and the recommended content
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What are Fuzzy Sets?
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Our previous research
Million Dollar Baby recommended Unforgiven and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly discarded (westerns)
Naudet, Y., Aghasaryan, A., Toms, Y., & Senot, C. (2008). An Ontology-Based Profiling and Recommending System for Mobile TV. 2008 Third International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization (pp. 94-99). IEEE.Mignon, S., Groues, V., and Naudet, Y. Advanced Personalisation by Ontologies: Audiovisual Content Filtering on Mobile Devices. Journées Francophones des Ontologies, (2008).Naudet, Y., Mignon, S., Lecaque, L., Hazotte, C., and Groues, V. Ontology-Based Matchmaking Approach for Context-Aware Recommendations. AXMEDIS, (2008).
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Semantic similarity measures
How to compare two instances? Medor and Felix have some similarities:
Common parent, both Mammals Similar properties, both 4 legs and same owner
sim(Medor,Felix)=?
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Integrating fuzzy sets within ontologies
FuSOR: A model for representing fuzzy sets and linguistic values within ontologies (Y. Naudet, V. Grouès, M. Foulonneau,
Introduction to Fuzzy-Ontological Context-Aware Recommendations in Mobile Environments, APRESW 2010)
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FuSor: Characteristics of the approach
Can be used as an extension of an ontology without requiring any modifications, OWL DL compliant
Allows using fuzzy sets and their membership functions for any datatype property
Supports context and domain dependency
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Ex: Describing interest boundaries
Membership functions can be used to define the way a user interest deviates from an “ideal” value.
Ex: “I am looking for a restaurant with prices up to 20€ but I could accept up to 25€ even if I would be less satisfied”.
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eFoaf
Cover demographic and basic user information
Context aware (e.g. not only one contact address)
Simple and complex interests associated with a context of validity
Open to external RDF datasets
Skills, abilities and handicaps
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An application to transport
• Personalisation of carpooling solutions:
– Match carpoolers based on their profiles, their expectations:
• music tastes• child seat• animals• smoking allowed?
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Clairvoyant
Clairvoyant
An application to transport
• Personalisation of itineraries based on:
– Preferences between means of transportation– User priorities:
• Cost• Time
• CO2 footprint
• Touristic interest
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Clairvoyant
Clairvoyant
An application to transport
• Recommendation in case of an unforeseen event:
– Find an alternative itinerary– Recommendations based on user profiles:
• Hotels• Restaurants• Museum
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Clairvoyant
Clairvoyant
What’s done?
FuSOR: an approach to extend existing model to use fuzzy sets eFoaf: an extension of foaf to represent rich user profiles and
preferences Prototype of recommender system making use of semantics and
fuzzy sets
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What’s next?
Explore other uses of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic for recommendations: – fuzzy sets for item description (this movie belongs to the action
genre with a degree of 0.7, this movie is long) Use the list of items liked by the user, history of consumption Further development of a prototype applied to a particular use
case (job ads, movies, restaurants) Performance optimisation: distributed computing, caching
mechanisms and different semantic web libraries Evaluations
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Thank you for your attention!
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Any questions ?