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Health, Safety and the Environment CGE653
Ir. Dr. MOHD SHIRAZ ARIS
INTRODUCTION
Key questions…• What does HSE mean to you…
• Why is it important…
• How much emphasis should we place….
• Who benefits…
• How do we define the boundaries…
Key HSE elements and drivers
HSE
Standards Codes
Industry
Business case
Cost of doing business
Design
HSE tools
HSE
HAZOP Risk Assessment
HAZID
ALARP
BATNEEC
QRA
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Introduction to Health, Safety and Environment
Acknowledgement to: Dr Syed Shatir A. Syed-Hassan
Faculty of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA
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E653Introduction
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Some Terminologies
• Safety • Health • Chronic • Acute • Hazard • Risk • Accident • Incident • Near Miss
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Safety and Health
• Safety = the absence of: (i) injury and harm on human and (ii) damage on property and the environment
• Opposite of safety = accident • Health = a state of physical and mental well-being
– including the absence of disease or infirmity. • Safety deals with acute effects of hazards • Health issue deals with chronic effects of hazards • Chronic: persistent, prolonged and repeated • Acute: immediate, short term
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Hazard versus Risk
▪ Hazard = a condition that has the potential to cause human injury or fatality, damage to property, damage to the environment or some combination of these.
▪ Risk = a measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both the incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injury.
▪ In other words, risk = a chance of injury or loss or bad consequences to happen.
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Sources of Hazards
• The work environment
• Equipment/plant/process
• Substances/materials
• Work system
• People
5 MMan
Machine
Method
Material
Milieu
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Broad Categories of HazardsCategory Example
Safety Hazards
Chemical Hazards acidity, alkalinity, Corrosivity, explosiveness, flammability, toxicity, asphyxiation. Mechanical Hazards moving equipment, tripping hazards, impact and forces
Thermodynamics Hazards high/low temperature, high pressure, vacuum, heat transfer
Electrical & Electromagnetic Hazards
high voltage, radiation, static electricity, electrical current
Health Hazards noise, pollution, vibration, radioactivity,
External Threats accidental damage by missiles and vehicles, act of god and natural causes
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Potential Safety Hazards in Oil and Gas Operation
Category
Blowouts ▪ Drilling ▪ Completion, ▪ Production (including wirelining) ▪ Workover ▪ Abandonment,
Process leaks Leaks of gas/oil from: ▪ Wellhead equipment, ▪ Separators & other process equipment, ▪ Compressors and other gas treatment equipment,
Category
Marine Collisions
▪ Supply vessels ▪ Standby vessels ▪ Fishing vessels ▪ Drilling rigs ▪ Offshore loading tankers
Personnel Transport
▪ Helicopter crash into sea/platform/ashore ▪ Boat transfer ▪ Basket transfer
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Potential Safety Hazards in Oil and Gas Operation
Category
Riser/pipeline leaks
Leaks of gas/oil from: ▪ Import flowlines ▪Export risers ▪Sub-sea pipelines ▪Sub-sea wellhead manifolds
Non-process fires
▪Fuel gas ▪Electrical ▪Accommodation ▪Machinery ▪Workshop
Category
Dropped objects
▪Constructions ▪Crane operations ▪Cargo transfer
Structural events
▪Extreme weather ▪Foundation failure ▪Bridge collapse ▪Crane Collapse
Non-process spills
▪ Chemical ▪ Methanol/Glycol ▪ Bottled gas leaks
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Hazard Control HierarchyNo. Control Method Description/Example
1. Eliminate Completely remove the hazard from the workplace so that it is not there.
2. Substitute Replace the material or process with a less hazardous one.
3. Isolate Place a barrier or similar between the hazard and people within the workplace (e.g. a fence surrounding the hazard).
4. Engineering controls
Install or using additional machinery. (e.g ventilation system, guarding on machinery, sensor system).
5. Administrative controls
Safety briefings, safety trainings, work procedure, safety awareness signage.
6. PPE “Last line of defence” to protect a worker if the above measures have failed.
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Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
1. Identify the hazard 2. Estimating the risk associated with the hazard
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Hazard Control Hierarchy
1. Eliminate 2. Substitute
3. Isolate
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Hazard Control Hierarchy
4. Engineering Control 5. Administrative Control
6. Use PPE
Proc
ess
Safe
ty -
CPE
615
Risk Assessment and the Principle of Crocodile
3. Decision making
Or Run Away?
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Personal Protective EquipmentConsidered as a last resort in hazard control because: • Only protects one person.
• Only protects if it is worn properly.
• Difficulties with fit, practicalities of use, ergonomics, etc.
• Difficulties with enforcement of use.
• Other on-going management issues such as training, replacement, repair.
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Incident versus Accident
• Incident: all undesired circumstances that have the potential to cause accidents.
• Accident: a sequence of events that produce unintended injury, damage to property or the environment, production losses, or increased liabilities.
• Accident refers to the event, not the results of the event.
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Near Miss……..
• an unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness, or damage – but had the potential to do so.
• another term for this event: “close call”
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Fire Toxic ReleaseExplosion
Major Industrial Accidents
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Consequences of Major Industrial Accidents:
▪ Fires ▪ Explosions ▪ Toxic Releases
▪ Fatalities ▪ Injuries ▪ Environmental
Damage ▪ Property Damage ▪ Evacuations ▪ Property Losses ▪ Plant Closings ▪ Fines, Lawsuit
Accidents Consequences
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E653Some Major Industrial Accidents in the
Past
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Bhopal, 1984▪ Release of toxic gas ▪ 40 tons of Methyl Isocynate (MIC) escaped
from Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India. ▪ 3000 died (respiratory failure) ▪ Thousands more died in weeks that
followed ▪ More than 500,000 suffered
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Chernobyl, 1986▪ 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear
Reactor, Ukraine. ▪ Large area of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was
evacuated, 336 000 people resettled. ▪ Fewer than 50 direct death, but thousands of
cancer-related cases. ▪ Severe damage to the environment.
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Piper Alpha, 1988▪ World’s most famous oil rig disaster. ▪ 167 out of 229 people died ▪ Initial explosion followed by a fierce fire
which, in turn, triggered off a further series of explosions.
▪ Flames could be seen 100 km away.
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BP Texas City Refinery, 2005
▪ 23 March 2005 ▪ Fire and Explosion ▪ Killing 15 workers and injuring more than 170
others.
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Deep Water Horizon Platform, 2006
▪ Gulf Coast of United States ▪ Platform explosion and sinking, killed 11 workers ▪ Leaking of hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil
into the Gulf of Mexico ▪ The worst industrial environmental disaster in US
history.
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Importance of Safety
• Prevention of ... • Death or injury to workers
• Death and injury to general publics
• Physical and financial damage to the properties/facilities
• Damage to third party properties
• Damage to the environment
Accident is costly!!!
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Cost of Accidents
Direct Costs
Indirect Costs
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Cost of Accidents▪ Direct Costs
• costs that are accrued directly from the accident
• quite easy to calculate • usually insurable by businesses
▪ Indirect Costs ▪ the less obvious consequences of an
accident that can be costed ▪ While the indirect costs created by
accidents are hidden, they too must be paid ▪ more difficult to calculate and tend not to
be insured
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Examples of Direct Cost of Accidents
▪ Medical costs incurred and the compensation payments made to the injured workers
▪ Damage to premises, plant and equipment ▪ Sick pay ▪ Overtime to cover injured person ▪ Fines
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Examples of Indirect Cost of Accidents
▪ Loss of an employee's skills and work output ▪ Downtime during investigations and pay of
people investigating ▪ Training costs for replacement operators ▪ Increased Insurance Premiums ▪ Defending criminal and civil prosecutions ▪ Bad publicity ▪ Workplace effects: poor productivity due to
low morale
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Safety is a Good Business
• Decrease workers compensation • Decrease retraining costs • Decrease absenteeism • Reduce production interruption • Increase productivity • Increase morale of workers • Attracting people to work • Enhancing company’s corporate reputation
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Engineers and Safety
▪ A requirement for engineering degree programmes
▪ Important aspect in the application for professional engineer
▪ Non-compliance with safety standards can severely affect a company’s bottom line.
▪ Engineers who design the workplace and its equipment or who manage and supervise workers need to have an understanding of the safety and health regulation.
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Code of Ethics
Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.
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Engineering Ethics: Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties.
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Theories of Accident Causation
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Why do accidents occur?
• We choose to handle dangerous processes, materials, energies ▪ To make a living
▪ To provide society with desirable products
• As long as we choose to handle them, a potential for loss events exist.
Things can be done to reduce their likelihood and severity to negligible or tolerable levels.
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How do accidents occur?
• There are several theories that attempt to explain the occurrence of accidents. ▪ Domino theory
▪ Human factors theory
▪ Swiss cheese model ▪ Accident/incident theory
▪ Sociotechnical system framework
▪ Epidemiological Theory
▪ Systems Theory
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Domino Theory• Herbert W. Heinrich, an early pioneer of
accident prevention and industrial safety. • He studied 75,000 reports of accidents for
insurance claims and concluded: ▪ 88% of industrial accidents are caused
by unsafe acts committed by workers
▪ 10% of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe conditions
▪2% of industrial accidents are unavoidable.
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Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial Safety
1. Injuries result from a complete series of factors, one of which is the accident itself
2. An accident can occur as a result of unsafe act and/or unsafe conditions
3. Most accidents are the result of unsafe behaviour by people
4. An unsafe act or an unsafe conditions does not immediately result in an accident/injury;
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Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial Safety
5. The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can serve as helpful guides in selecting corrective actions.
6. The severity of an accident is largely fortuitous and the factors that cause it are largely preventable.
7. The prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality and productivity techniques.
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Heinrich’s Axiom of Industrial Safety
8. Management should assume responsibility for safety because it is in the best position to get results.
9. The supervisor is the key person in the prevention of industrial accidents.
10. In addition to the direct costs of an accident (i.e. compensation, liability claims, medical costs, and hospital expenses) there are also hidden or indirect costs.
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5 factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident
Social Environment and Ancestry
Fault of Person
(Carelessness)
Unsafe Act or
ConditionAccident Injury
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5 factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident
• Ancestry and social environment ▪ Negative character traits that might lead people to
behave in an unsafe manner can be inherited or acquired as a result of the social environment.
• Fault of a person ▪ Negative character traits, whether inherited or
acquired, are why people behave in unsafe manner and why hazardous conditions exist.
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5 factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident
• Unsafe act/Unsafe conditions ▪ Unsafe acts committed by people
▪ Unsafe conditions due to the presence of mechanical/physical hazards
• Accidents • Injury
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Domino Theory• A personal injury (the final domino) occurs only as a
result of an accident. • An accident occurs only as a result of a personal or
mechanical hazard. • Personal and mechanical hazards exist only through
the fault of careless persons or poorly designed or improperly maintained equipment.
• Faults of persons are inherited or acquired as a result of their social environment or acquired by ancestry.
• The environment is where and how a person was raised and educated.
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Heinrich’s theory has two central points:
1. Injuries are caused by the action of preceding factors
2. Removal of the central factor (unsafe acts/hazardous conditions) negates the action of the preceding factors and, in so doing, prevents accidents and injuries.
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Removal of unsafe acts/unsafe conditions prevents the accident
Ancestry and social environment
Fault of a person
Unsafe act/unsafe condition
Accident
Injury
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Human Factors Theory
Overload
Inappropriate response
Inappropriate activities
Attributes accidents to a chain of events that were ultimately the result of human error.
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Overload
• An imbalance between a person’s capacity at any given time and the load that a person is carrying in a given state.
• A person’s capacity is the product of such factors as his/her ability, training, state of mind, fatigue, stress, and physical conditions.
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Overload
• Added burden resulting from ▪ Environmental factors
(noise, distractions, etc.);
▪ Situational factors (level of risks, unclear instructions, etc.); and
▪ Internal factors (personal problems, emotional stress, worry, etc.)
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Inappropriate Response
• How a person responds in a given situation can cause or prevent an accident.
• Inappropriate response include: ▪ A person detects a hazardous condition but does
nothing to correct it; ▪ A person removes a safeguard from a machine in an
effort to increase output; or
▪ A person disregards an established safety procedure
• Such responses can lead to accidents.
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Inappropriate Activities
• Examples of inappropriate activities include: ▪ A person undertaking a task he or
she doesn’t know how to do (performing tasks without requisite training)
▪ A person misjudging the degree of risk involved in a given task and proceeding based on that misjudgment.
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Human Factors Theory
Overload
•Fatigue •Environmental factors •Internal Factors •Situational Factors
Inappropriate Response
•Detecting hazard but not correcting it •Removing safeguards from machines & equipment •Ignoring safety •Misunderstanding the directions
Inappropriate Activities
•Operating without authority •Performing task without the requisite training •Misjudging the degree of risk involved with a given tasks •Horseplay
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Swiss Cheese Model
• The Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation suggests that systemic failures, or accidents, occur from a series of events at different layers of an organization.
• A system is similar to slices of Swiss cheese • There are holes which represent opportunities
for failure, and each slice is a layer of the system.
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Swiss Cheese Model
• When holes in the layers line up, a loss (or accident) occurs
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Swiss Cheese Model• Each layer of the system is an opportunity to
stop an error; the more layers, the less likely an accident is to occur.
Lines of defence
Defects
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Swiss Cheese Model
Lines of Defence
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Lessons from the Past Disasters
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Learning from Past Experiences• Kletz* recommended four ways for organisations to
learn from past experience: ▪ Recent and old accidents should be described in safety
bulletins and discussed at safety meetings
▪ standards and codes of practice should contain notes on accidents which led to the recommendations
▪ a 'black book' containing reports of accidents with technical interest that have occurred should be compulsory reading for all newcomers and for refreshing memories
▪ accident information retrieval and storage systems should be used as they contain a wealth of useful information
* Kletz, T. A. On the need to publish more case histories. Plant/Operations Progress, 1988, 7(3), 145-147.
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Oil and Gas Accidents
Piper Alpha - 1988
Alexander L. Kielland - 1980
Ocean Ranger - 1982
Glomar Java Sea Drillship - 1983
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Oil and Gas Accidents
Usumacinta - 2007
Enchova Central - 1988
Mumbai High North - 2005
Deepwater Horizon - 2010
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E653Safety Culture
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Safety Culture
• Culture can be seen as a concept that describes the shared corporate values within an organisation which influences the attitudes and behaviours of all of its members.
• Safety culture is a part of the overall culture of the organisation and is seen as affecting the attitudes and beliefs of members in terms of health and safety performance.
• In other words, safety culture is the attitudes, values, norms, and beliefs that a particular group of people share with respect to risk and safety
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Safety Culture
• Safety culture refers to the extent to which individuals and groups in the organisation will commit to: ▪ personal responsibility for safety
▪ act to preserve safety
▪ enhance and communicate safety concerns
▪ strive to actively learn
▪ adapt and modify behavior based on lessons learned from mistakes
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Safety Culture
• A “good” safety culture can be promoted by four factors: ▪ “senior management commitment to safety”
▪ realistic and flexible customs and practices for handling both well-defined and ill-defined hazards
▪ continuous organisational learning through practices such as feedback systems, monitoring and analysing
▪ a care and concern for hazards which is shared across the workforce.
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E653Safety Legislation and
Regulations
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Legislation, Act and Regulation• Legislation is a law passed by a legislative body
such as a Parliament or State Legislature. • A law is considered to be an act when it has
already been duly passed by a legislative body. • A regulation, on the other hand, is one that is
approved by a group of individuals based on an act that has already been passed. These regulations are based on the act that has been approved and served as a means to make the act a lot easier to follow and adhere to. For this reason, one act can have numerous regulations.
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Evolution of OSH Legislation
• OSH Legislation in Malaysia was based on the traditional approach derived from 19th Century British Legislation
• The industrial revolution in Britain resulted in some unsafe and unhealthy working conditions plus a high numbers of injury and disease.
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Evolution of OSH Legislation
• Legislation to overcome this problem was introduced very slowly.
• In 1844, specific safety provisions addressed the "fencing of dangerous machinery."
• Later Acts in the latter part of the 19th Century extended safety provisions to men and to other industries and hazards.
• British report in 1972: prepared by a committee of inquiry, chaired by Lord Robens and is known as the Robens Report.
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Evolution of OSH Legislation
• The major recommendations made by Robens include: ▪ There should be more self regulation by employers
and employees; (for example Safety & Health Officers and Safety & Health Committees); ▪ There should be a single, comprehensive Act dealing
with occupational safety and health that should contain a clear statement of the basic principles of the safety responsibility of employers, employees and manufacturers, based on common law. ▪ The Act shall be supported by regulations and
voluntary codes with the emphasis on the latter.
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Evolution of OSH Legislation
• The Occupational Safety and Health Act in Malaysia as well as new style safety and health legislation in the UK and Australia, reflects many principles that were stated in a British report in 1972.
• In the year 1967, the Factory and Machinery Act was approved by the Parliament of Malaysia.
• In 1970, the Factory and Machinery Act and eight regulations under the act were enforced.
• This act was legislated to overcome the weaknesses in the Machinery Ordinance 1953, • Workers were not protected if they work in a workplace that
doesn’t use machinery.
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Introduction to OSHA 1994
• Occupational Safety and Health Act – 1994 • This legislation was made considering the fact that
the Factory and Machinery Act 1967 only covers occupational safety and health in the manufacturing, mining, quarrying and construction industries, whereas the other industries are not covered.
• The purpose of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is to promote and encourage occupational safety and health awareness among employers and workers.
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Introduction to OSHA 1994
• Main principles that had been taken as the foundation in the drafting of this Act.
1. Self-regulation To handle issues relating to occupational safety and
health, employers must develop a good and orderly management system. Starting with formation of a safety and health policy and consequently employers have to make the proper arrangements to be carried out.
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Introduction to OSHA 1994
2. Tripartite consultation where employers, employees and the government
must negotiate to settle issues and problems relating to occupational safety and health at the workplace.
3. Co-operation where employers and employees must co-operate to
take care, nurture and to increase the quality of occupational safety and health at the workplace.
Without co-operation between employers and employees, none of the occupational safety and health programmes carried out would succeed.
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Application of OSHA 1994
• Apply throughout Malaysia to the industries as follows (First Schedule )
• Manufacturing; • Mining and Quarrying; • Construction; • Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing; • Utilities such as Electricity, Gas, Water and sanitary
Services; • Transport, Storage and Communication; • Wholesale and Retail Trades; • Hotels and Restaurants; • Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services • Public Services and Statutory Authorities
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Application of OSHA 1994
• NOTE: ▪ Not applicable to work on board ships governed
by the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1960 of Sabah and Sarawak
▪ Not applicable to armed forces ▪ This Law is in addition to previous law pertaining
to occupational safety and health. If there is any conflict, this Law shall supersede the previous law.
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FMA 1967 versus OSHA 1994FMA 1967 OSHA 1994
Scope Only cover OSH in the manufacturing, mining, quarrying, works of engineering & constructions. Cover only 24% of the man power
Cover all economic activities & government except armed forces and seafarers.
Cover 90% of the man power
Approach ▪ Prescriptive ▪ Too dependent on government ▪ Concern for inspection by regulation
authorities
▪ Self regulation ▪ Supported by code of practices, guidelines
etc. ▪ Tripartite responsibility ▪ Worker cooperation & participation
Objective ▪ Focus on control of factories & machineries
▪ Registration & inspection of machines ▪ Less provision for health
To safeguard health and welfare employees and those at the place of work, e.g. visitors and contractors
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HSE Related Acts in Malaysia
• Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994
• Factory and Machinery Act, 1967
• Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984
• Environmental Quality Act 1974
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Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994
Laws of Malaysia
Act 514
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OSHA 1994
• Date of coming into operation – 25 Feb 1994 • Contain 15 Parts, 67 Sections and 3 Schedules • Applicable throughout Malaysia to the industries
specified in the First Schedule • Not applicable to work on board ships governed
by the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, 1960 (Sabah) or 1960 (Sarawak) or the armed forces
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Section 4: Object of the Act
• To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks
• To protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against risks
• To promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs.
• To provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and health legislation may be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and approved industry codes of practice to maintain or improved the S&H standards
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“Responsibilities to ensure the safety and health at the workplace lies with those who create the risk and with those work with the risk”
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Concept of OSHA 1994
• Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and workmanship
• Management and workers must cooperate • Top management must take the lead • A defined and known safety and health policy • Organization and resources to achieve policy
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Act 514 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
Regulations under OSHA 1994
Guidelines Code of practice
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Regulations Under OSHA 1994
i. OSH (Employers' Safety and Health General Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulations 1995
ii.OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996- CIMAH
iii.OSH (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations 1996-SHC iv.OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous
Chemicals) Regulations 1997- CPL v. OSH (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997-SHO vi.OSH (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous
to Health) Regulations 2000- USECHH vii.OSH (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004-NADOOPOD
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Examples of Guideline
• Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Site Management and workers must cooperate
• Guidelines on First-Aid Facilities in the Workplace • Guidelines for Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals • Guidelines for the Preparation of a Chemical Register
• Guidelines on the Control of Chemicals Hazardous to Health
• Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in Agriculture
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Section 15 – General Duties of Employer and Self-employed Persons
• To ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees.
• To provide and maintain plant and system of work that are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health.
• To ensure safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances
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Section 15 – General Duties of Employer and Self-employed Persons
• To provide information, instruction, training and supervision.
• To maintain any place of work under the control of the employer or self-employed person and to provide access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks.
• To provide and maintain a working environment that is safe, without risks to health, & adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work.
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Section 16 – Duty to formulate S&H Policy
It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to: ▪ prepare and revise a written statement on S&H
policy ▪ arrange for the time being in force in carrying
out the policy ▪ bring the statement and any revision of it to the
notice of all of his employees
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Section 24 – General Duties of an Employee
• To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work.
• To cooperate with his employers or any other person.
• To wear or use at all times any PPE. • To comply with any instruction or measure on
OSH.
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Factory and Machinery Act 1967 (Revised -1974)
Laws of Malaysia
Act 139
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Contents
• 6 Parts • 59 Sections • 3 Schedules • List of Amendments • Effective date: 1st July 1974
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Parts
• Part I – Preliminary
• Part II – Safety, Health and Welfare
• Part III – Person In Charge and Certificate of Competency
• Part IV – Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence and Dangerous Diseases
• Part V – Notice of Occupation of Factory, and Registration and Use of Machinery
• Part VI - General
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Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984
Laws of Malaysia
Act 302
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Contents
• 11 Parts • 48 Sections • 1 Schedule • List of Amendments •Effective date: 1st March 1985
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Parts
• Part I – Preliminary • Part II – Transportation of Petroleum by
Road and Railway • Part III – Transportation of Petroleum by
Water • Part IV – Transportation of Petroleum by
Air • Part V – Transportation of Petroleum by
Pipelines
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Parts
• Part VI – Storage and Handling of Petroleum
• Part VII – Utilization of Equipment, Gadgets, Mtls., Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures and Installations
• Part VIII – Existing equipment, Gadgets, Mtls., Plants, Appliances, Buildings, Structures and Installations
• Part IX – General Powers for Rectification
• Part X – Liability
• Part XI - General
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For More Information
Ministry of Human Resources
Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)
www.dosh.gov.my
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Petronas Procedures and Guidelines for Upstream Activities (PPGUA)
• Exploration Activities • Project Development • Inspection and Maintenance of Production
Facilities • Production Operations • Management of Health, Safety & Environment • Platform Abandonment
Case study 1A supply of liquid ammonia is required to meet the demand of an ammonia injection program at an EOR facility in Sabah. The facility is located 70km off the coast of Labuan and the closet ammonia source is the Asean Bintulu Fertilizer in Bintulu, Sarawak. Ammonia is a corrosive and a known to have carcinogenic properties in its liquid phase. If the injection facility requires 10kbd ammonia and ABF has a storage capacity of 5000 MT at bintulu port. work out a high level HSE strategy for the delivery of ammonia for a 3 week injection campaign.
Case study 2The following schematic represents a typical produced water management process for a producing facility. The injection of surfactants and polymers have been planned as part of an EOR program at a particular field 45 km off the coast of Miri, Sarawak. The area development plan for this field will include a CPP to manage produced water. It is unclear, from the HSE point of view, what is to be done with the offshore processed water for which only oil can be removed for safe disposal. Propose a high level HSE recommendation based on available standards, codes and good industry practice. Cite examples if possible…
Bulk separator
Gas stream
Crude export
produce water
De-oiling hydro cyclone
Compact floatation
Degassing/skimming
Marine discharge
Discharge caisson1
2
4
3
Figure 1: Schematic of a typical offshore produced water treatment facility (without CEOR chemicals)
Sampling point
Production fluids140000bbl/day at
40% water cut
