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LANGUAGE developed around 200,000 years ago.
led to the development of an oral culture.
oral culture dependent on a strong memory. the older people back then called it as memory banks. store words that wanted to be spoken.
they memorized information.
recited to the next generation.
the memory is a stored and accessible knowledge. the challenges face during that time :- 1)How to keep information accurate.
2) passing knowledge to the next from generation to generation.
3)some face difficulty on memorizing it in a long term record/memory.
Language in Islamic Perspective Definition
>System of communications consists of words, sounds and grammar.
Arabic was the first language. “And He taught Adam the nature of all things then He
placed them before the angels, and said: "Tell me the nature of these if you are right." (Al- Baqarah: 31)
“And among His Signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the difference of your languages and colours. Verily, in that are indeed signs for men of sound knowledge.” (Ar- Rum: 22)
>How language evolves?• An adaption• Language is a spandrel
>Reason why language change?• Interaction with other language.• Influence of fashion and even of individual unusual habits.
LANGUAGE IN WESTERN PERSPECTIVE
Quoted by Nuam Chomsky :- “When we study human language,
we are approaching what some might call the human essence.”
“According to the philosophy
expressed in the myths and religions of many people, language is the source of human life and power.”
Pre-requisite > when you know a language, you can speak and be understood by others who know the language.
>language is much more than speech
TYPES OF LANGUAGES
Universal Language
Sign Language English
Baby Language Malay
Body Language Mandarin
Arabic
French
WRITING Developed in Iraq around 3500 B.C. Then later spread to Egypt and China Around that time there are two
approaches emerge :-
Sign writing
(Graphic symbols representing objects)
Phonetic writing
(Abstract symbols (alphabet) for
ideas/sounds)
Writing in Islamic Perspective• During the lifetime of the Prophet (s.a.w), the
Quran was written down on parchments and other materials.
• Quranic verses were written on parchments, scapula, the leaf-stalks of date palms, and from the memories of men who had memorized it.
MATERIAL USED IN WRITING
1)Cuneiform 3)Parchment
>in (Sumeria) Iraq. >in Greece.
>is wedge shaped clay tablets. >sheep/ goats hides.
2)Papyrus 4)Paper >in Egypt. >in China.
> woven papyrus plants. > pressed wood and fibre
pulp.
Created social divisions: readers vs. illiterates
Access to power garnered through knowledge
Encouraged birth and growth of ancient empires
Collective knowledge accumulates over time
Laws codified and universally administered
Social Impact of Writing
Writing During the Middle Ages
Begins with fall of Rome in the 6th century
Demand for books continues to rise.
Slow, costly hand-copying restricts supplies
Mistakes common and cumulative
No filing or cross-indexing system in place
Content moves from religion to lay areas
Trade spreads, universities begin, AD 1150
European Scriptorias (writing shops) flourish
MODERN WRITING constantly evolve time to time, due to the
development of technologies. the people in this era now prefer to type in
the computer rather than hand-writing. For instance :- 1)quilt pen.
2)hand-writing typing
The Seven Milestones Timeline
Language Writing Printing
200,000- 3500 B.C. A.D. 1500 A.D 1800 A.D 1900 A.D 2000 100,000 B.C.
Photography/motion picture
Telephone/Telegraph
Radio/TV
Digital Media
Mobile Media
Social Media