Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 9
FEUDALISM & THE
CONSOLIDATION OF EUROPE
FEUDALISM
Feudalism: A highly decentralized political system in which public powers of minting, justice,Taxation and defense were vested in the hands of a private lord.
WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEUDALISM AND THE
RISE OF NATIONAL MONARCHIES?
FEUDALISM 101
Fief: contract in which someone granted something of value to someone else in return for a service• Land grant implied subordination
• Vassal• Lord• Homage
Most developed and lasted the longest in France
• 10th and 11th centuries-minimal feudal pyramids• 12th & 13th powerful lords insisted on pyramid structure
LordLand grant implied
subordination
VassalCould grant land to subordinate Vassals
HomageDuty owed in return for Land
GrantCeremonial or Military
William the Conqueror – Edward I 1066 - 1307
FEUDALISM AND THE RISE OF THE ENGLISH
MONARCHY
England Battle of Hastings 1066
William the Conqueror (1066-1100) Normans—extensive grants of English land King
Only the king could coin money National land tax Summon population to arms All landholders owed loyalty to crown
FEUDALISM AND ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND
Compiled by William to survey his English lands
Who owned the land before 1066.
Who owned the land at the time of Domesday in 1086.
How it changed hands.
What that land was worth, and what manors it was associated with.How many peasants (called bordars and villani) tended that land.
THE DOMESDAY BOOK 1085
Created the ExchequerAppointed sheriff s to supervise
countiesTraveling circuit judges
Checked power of landowners and sheriffs
HENRY I (1100-1135)
HENRY II (1154-1189)
Henry II (1154-1189) Grandson of Henry I Ruled Normandy; Anjou; Aquitaine & England
through marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor originally married to Louis VII of France Louis had marriage annulled when she failed to
bear him sons Eleanor received the land (her dowry) back Henry married her 8 weeks later and the lands of
Aquitaine went to Henry Expanded use of juries to determine facts in civil
(not criminal) cases Conflict with the Church
Henry’s knights murder Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury in 1170 after he sides with the Church against Henry
Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer written in context of pilgrimage to Canterbury
TOMBS OF HENRY II OF ENGLAND & ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
Richard I (aka Richard Lionheart) (R 1188-1199) 3rd Crusade Spent only 6 months in England During his reign Imprisoned in Germany and Ransomed by John I
JOHN I OF ENGLAND (R. 1199-1216)
Taxes and fines on aristocracy and free artisans to recover lands in France and ransom Richard I
1214 failed military campaign in France1215 Runnymede, forced to sign Magna Carta
Henry III (1216-1272) Perfected legal system “English Common Law” Taxed both Nobles and commoners in proportion
to their income
EDWARD I OF ENGLAND (R. 1272-1307)
Parliament Assembly of nobles, clergy and townsmen Announce tax levies Hear judicial cases involving higher
nobility Review local administration Hear complaints
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL MONARCHIES IN ENGLAND, FRANCE AND
GERMANY (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE)?
England Administrative System
Departments of Exchequer, Sheriffs and Courts; no one department controls all power
All landowners (including Church) must pay taxes and provide military support to the king;
Negotiations between King and Aristocracy limits the power of the King—beginning of Constitutional government (Magna Carta);
Distance from Church leadership in Rome encourages independence of monarchs;
Development of Parliament and beginning of participation in government by merchants and wealthy artisans.
FRANCE
• Central ized Bureaucracy
• Protectors of Popes
• King as Feudal Lord
France
Produced uninterrupted line of sons for 300 years
Long-livedDirect rule over Paris and surrounding area
Rich agricultureProtectors of popesPatronized University of Paris (Sorbonne)
Capet Dynasty
Louis VI (the Fat) (1108-1137) Consolidated control over land around
Paris Louis VII (1137-1180)
Incited rebellions by Henry II’s sons against their father
Kept Henry II from increasing power in France
Philip II (1179-1223)
Philip II (1179-1223) Went on 3 rd Crusade with Richard Lionheart
Built a wall around Paris before he left on Crusade Claimed homage from John in return for lands in
France (which John already owned as son of Henry)
Confiscated lands Appointed royal offi cials with judicial, military and
administrative authority (no separation of powers)
Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1226-1270)
• Increased French control of lands in France
• Engaged in last crusades
• Purchased Holy Crown of Jesus Christ from Baldwin II of Constantinople
• Expelled all Jews engaged in Usury from France
• Instituted an Inquisition
• Engaged in self-flagellation
• Wars against Flanders and England
• Raised taxes on commoners but not nobility who were exempt from paying direct taxes to crown
• Estates General • Expelled all Jews from
France• Burned Grand Master of
Knights Templar at the stake
PHILIP IV (1285-1314)
Created a powerful & centralized bureaucracy with King as ultimate feudal Lord.
Close ties with Roman Catholic Church as defenders of the Pope
Feudal system supports the power of KingsWarrior ethos & Christian ethos combine in France
“Song of Roland”
FRENCH MONARCHS
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL MONARCHIES IN ENGLAND, FRANCE
AND GERMANY (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE)?
France Focused on increasing territory by taking land from English
monarch; King appointed aristocrats to posts which include collecting
taxes, enforcing the law, and judiciary; French Kings as “protectors of the Pope” engaged in
military campaigns in Italy and church politics in Rome; Controversy over taxing authority of King over church
lands; Estates General: appearance of consultation but not
supported by the monarch 1st Estate Aristocracy- no taxes 2nd Estate Church – resisted taxes 3rd Estate Everybody else – high taxes
Weak Monarch propped up by Church
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE & GERMAN PRINCES
CENTRALITY OF CHURCH TO POWER OF KING
INDEPENDENCE OF PRINCES
Germany Territories
Switzerland Eastern France Belgium & Netherlands Northern Italy
Relied heavily on cooperation with Church Church leaders frequently members of royal family
appointed by emperor
Henry IV & Henry V (1056-1125) Confl icts with Dukes of Saxony & Pope Gregory VII
Civil war Investiture
Enabled German princes to rule “principalities” with larger independence than existed in France or England
New Emperors must be elected from among the Princes and approved by the Pope
Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) Election violently supported by a mob of Romans Violated terms of Papal decree of 1059 Caused friction between Pope and Henry IV
Could a lay person appoint Bishops or Abbots? Gregory VII prohibited all clerics from accepting church offi ces
from a layman even if the layman was a king Henry IV refused to accept this and appointed a new
archbishop in Milan Gregory reminded Henry that Gregory was the successor to St.
Peter and Henry owed Gregory the same obedience Gregory renounced his obedience to Gregory reminding
Gregory that his election as Pope violated the decree of 1059 Gregory excommunicated Henry and called on his subjects to
rebel Saxon Nobility renewed their civil war Henry must humble himself at Canossa
INVESTITURE CONFLICT
POPE GREGORY VII
WAX FUNERAL EFFIGY OF GREGORY VII: SALERNO CATHEDRAL
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL MONARCHIES IN ENGLAND, FRANCE
AND GERMANY (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE)?
Germany (Holy Roman Empire) Principalities: territories ruled by princes who were not
strong enough to force other princes to accept them as the “lord”
Princes elected the Holy Roman Emperor who had to then be approved by the Pope resulting in Papal interference in secular authority of Emperor;
Princes maintained taxing, enforcement, and judicial authority
Never developed strong central authority and Germany remained divided into Principalities;
Polit ical and Economic Campaignor Religious Pi lgrimage & Holy War
THE CRUSADES
Societal Divisions according to Alfred the Great Men who fight--Aristocrats Men who pray—Church (Leaders were aristocrats) Men who work—not aristocrats—includes lowliest peasant
to wealthy merchantChevalerie: conduct becoming men who ride horsesVirtues of a warrior aristocracy
Prowess Courage Loyalty Generosity
Clerical Hierarchy Pope-bishops-priests
First Duties: to King or Church, Lady, the weak and the poor
CHIVALRY
KNIGHTS OF CHRIST JAN VAN EYCK
Byzantine Emperor, Alexius hoped to use Norman mercenaries to defend Byzantium from Seljuk Turks.
Urban II wanted to demonstrate to Kings of Western Europe that the Papacy could command an army that might enforce Papal decrees with military might.
Urban II’s call to Crusade Clermont in France 1095
Any knight who wished to join in the fight to liberate the Holy Land from its Muslim Captors
Anyone fighting or dying in the service of Christ would win total absolution from sins and be transported to heaven
Glory, booty, salvation
ORIGINAL PURPOSES
COUNCIL OF CLERMONT 1095
POPE URBAN II
INNOCENT III
Pope as Supreme head of the Church 2nd in authority is Patriarch of Constantinople Doctrine of Transubstantiation Required Jews and Muslims to wear special
identifi cation to distinguish them from Christians
Required Sacramental Confession at least 1 time per year
High conduct for Priests than laity No new Religious Orders Rules for trial and punishment of heretics and
their protectors
FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL OF 1215
Debatable impact Most visible remnants were castles and distrust between
East and West Some cultural diffusion but more beneficial interaction
occurred in Spain between Moors and Spanish Christians Argument: by sending contentious nobility abroad to fight,
Kings in Europe consolidated their power more completely Increased power and prestige of the Church in Western
Europe Success of the 1st Crusade raised the self confidence of
Europeans Solidified cultural and religious boundaries between Islam,
Byzantium and Western Europe Jews were often the scapegoat Beginnings of inquisitions, heresy trials and witch-hunts
MOST OF THE CRUSADES WERE UNSUCCESSFUL MILITARY
VENTURES
