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The Middle Ages 800- 1300 C.E.
Chapters 8-9 Challenges of Expansion and Consolidation of Western European Kingdoms and
the Culture of Christendom
Bronze Age Beaker Culture
2800-1800 B.C.E.
Common artifacts
Common Burial Practices
Julius Caesar
1st Historian of Celts
Historians disagree over the exact dimensions of the culture and the particularities of various tribes described by Caesar, Tacitus and other Roman historians
Celtic Coins 4th to 1st Century B.C.E.
Influenced by trade with Macedonian Empire
CultureTribal
Militaristic
Pagan
Syncretism
Peoples of the Western Frontiers
• Called Barbarians by the Romans
• Celts
• Angles
• Saxons
• Britons
• Vandals
• Visigoths (Western Goths)
• Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths)
• Lombards
• Germans
• Franks
Chaos, Conflict and Order: The Middle Ages 800- 1300
Emergence of Kingdom of the Franks
Baptism of Clovis (466-511)
25 December 496
Religious Conflicts in Western Europe
• Nicene Christianity: Trinitarian theology from Council of Nicaea (Roman)
• Arian Christianity: Jesus was “begotten” & was not equal with God
• Clovis drove Visigoth’s from Gaul
• Paganism: Clovis banned divination
• Islam
• Adoption of Roman Christianity by Clovis: support from Roman aristocrats
• Clovis commissioned compilation of Roman law for Kingdom of Franks
• First Council of Orleans: Church reform and link between Church and ruler
• Right of sanctuary
• Divination forbidden
Charles Martel
Charles de Steuben,Bataille de PoitiersEn Octobre 782
• Defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours (October 732)
• Alliance with Benedictine Missionaries
• Engaged with Papacy
• Defeated Lombards
Charlemagne (742-814) (R. 768-814)
Plunder, Booty & Land
Militarized state Conquests against Lombards
Counts appointed to supervise new lands Coinage system Ruler of Christendom
Kingly government is a sacred office designed by God to protect the church,defend Christians and promote salvation
No kingdom can prosper if lives of its subjects are displeasing to God
Carolingian Reforms in the Church
Controlled Bishops and Abbots
Changed liturgy to more uniformity
Prohibited pagan practices
Imposed Holy Baptism on subjects
Carolingian Renaissance
Classical learning is foundation of Christian
wisdom
Collating, correcting and copying Latin texts, including the Bible
New style of handwriting Carolingian Miniscule
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day
800
Palatine Chapel at Charlemagne’s Palace at Aachen (Germany)
Interconnections between Byzantine, Islamic and Western European Kingdoms in 7th and 8th
Centuries
• Byzantium, Muslim Caliphates and Kingdoms of northwestern Europe developed their defining characteristics during the 6th and 7th centuries
• Fruitful if uneasy relationships
• Italian traders active in Constantinople
• Muslim traders were common in Southern Italy
• Anglo-Saxon merchants traded within the Mediterranean
• Jewish merchants in Rhineland traded with Muslim communities in Egypt
• Viking traders from Novgorod in Russia to Dublin
The Vikings 900-1100
Mid-twelfth century paintingOf Danish Seamen
Viking Raiders
• Vikings means “robbers”
• Raided Europe and British Isles from the middle of the 9th century
• Plunder- Silver and weapons
• Ransom
• Tribute collection
• Slaving
Alfred the Great (849-899)
England under Alfred the Great
• Ruled from 871 to 899
• Aelfraed (Old English: Elf Counsel)
• Modeled his reign after Charlemagne• Reorganized Army
• Founded new towns
• Codified English laws
• Established a court school
• Fostered Anglo-Saxon writing
• Wool trade
• By 1000, England was the most sophisticated administration in Europe
English Coin c. 800
Dukes of Saxony
Exercised power from 917 – 962
Engaged in successful conquests of the Slavs
955 Otto I defeated the “pagan” Hungarians
962 Otto crowned Emperor of the West
964 Otto deposes John XII as Pope and installs own man
Installs Bishops and Abbotts as defense against other Dukes
Otto the Great 962-973
Mathilda Cross c. 973 Commissioned by OttoThe Great
Technological Advances
• Heavy wheeled plow
• Water mills
• Windmills
• Increased population
• Urbanization
• Market for goods
Peasants
• Tied to the land
• Strip farming
• Tenants in kind
• Three field system of crop rotation
• Adaptable to climate
• 2 growing seasons
• Higher yields
Commerce
Long distance trade controlled by Venetian, Pisan and Genoese navies
Created expanding market for Eastern luxury goods
Champagne Fairs
Town Specialization
Paris and Bologna: universities
Venice, Genoa, Cologne & London: long distance tradeMilan, Florence, Ghent and Bruges: manufacturing centers
Universities Then and Now
The Guild System
• Male dominated professional associations of craftsmen
• Master craftsmen
• Journeymen
• Apprentice
• Preserve monopolies and limit competition
• Controlled prices
• Wages
• Methods of production
• Masterpiece
• Merchant guilds