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Basic information about modal verbs and how to use them.
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MODAL VERBS
SOFIA M.C.
CAN• USES:– Ability– Request– Possibility
• EXAMPLES:
—Jesse can run very fast.
—Can I call you tonight?
—Women’s sports can be exciting to watch.
BE ABLE TO
• USES:– Ability.
• EXAMPLE:—Her brother is
able to skate very well.
—They are able to go to that shop.
CAN’T
• USES:– Certainty that
something is impossible.
• EXAMPLES:—You can’t be 40
years old, you look much younger!
COULD
• USES:– Past ability.– Polite request.– Polite suggestion.– Possibility.
• EXAMPLES:
— She could run fast when she was a child.
— Could you help me with the suitcases?
— You could exercise and eat healthier food.
— It could be dangerous for women to compete with men.
MAY
• USES:– Possibility– Polite request
• EXAMPLES:—It may rain
tomorrow.—May I open the
window?
MIGHT
• USES:– Possibility.
• EXAMPLES:— She might win
the gold medal in the competition.
WOULD
• USES:– Formal request.– Offer.
• EXAMPLES:—Would you open
the window, please?
—Would you like a cup of tea?
MUST
• USES:– Obligation.– Certainty that
something is true.
• EXAMPLES:
—You must train hard for the match.
—She’s got a great job. She must be very happy.
HAVE TO
• USES:– Obligation.– Necessity.
• EXAMPLES:• You have to buy
the tickets today.
NEED TO
• USES:– Obligation.– Necessity.
• EXAMPLES:—You need to
practise harder.
NEEDN’T
• USES:– Lack of
obligation.
• EXAMPLES:—You needn’t
bring any cake to the party, but you’ve done it, so… lets eat it!
DON’T HAVE TO
• USES:– Lack of obligation.
• EXAMPLES:—I don’t have to
get up early tomorrow, so I’m not going to do it.
MUSTN’T
• USES:– Prohibition.
• EXAMPLES:—You mustn’t
exceed the speed limit.
SHOULD
• USES:– Advice, opinion.
• EXAMPLES: — You should try
it, it’s delicious!
OUGHT TO
• USES:– Advice, opinion.
• EXAMPLES:—You ought to
warm up before training.
MODAL PERFECT
MUST HAVE
• USES:– Certainly that
something was true.
– EXAMPLES:• Linda has arrived
late. She must have been in a traffic jam.
MAY/MIGHT HAVE
• USES:– A guess about a
past action.
– EXAMPLES:
• She may/might have taken the wrong bus.
COULD HAVE
• USES:– Ability to have
done something but in fact did not.
– EXAMPLES:• You could have
asked the doctor before taking that medicine.
COULDN’T HAVE
• USES:– Certainly that
something did not happen.
– EXAMPLES:• He couldn’t have
gone to the concert because he was doing a test.
WOULD HAVE
• USES:–Willingness to
have done something but in fact could not.
– EXAMPLES:• I would have
gone to the party, but I was too busy.
SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE
• USES:– Criticism or regret
after an event.
– EXAMPLES:
• You should/ought to have warned me earlier.
SHOULDN’T HAVE
• USES:– Criticism after an
event.
– EXAMPLES:
• He shouldn’t have forgotten about her birthday.
NEEDN’T HAVE
• USES:– An unnecessary
action in the past.
– EXAMPLES:
• You needn’t have brought anything to my party.