Upload
international-food-policy-research-institute-development-strategy-and-governance-division
View
348
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
"GSSP Research on Medium and Large-Scale Farming and Agricultural Mechanization in Ghana: Initial survey results & research areas" presented by Nazaire Houssou and Antony Chapoto, April 24, 2014
Citation preview
1
GSSP Research on Medium and Large-Scale Farming and Agricultural
Mechanization in GhanaInitial survey results & research areas
Survey conducted in collaboration with Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR)
Presented by
Nazaire Houssou Associate Research Fellow, IFPRI-Accra
Antony Chapoto Research Fellow, IFPRI-Accra
April 24, 2014.
2
Structure of seminar
•Introduction•Questions which motivated the survey•Seminar objectives
•Key findings on medium-large scale farmers
•Key findings on mechanization•Feedback and discussion on research direction
3
Introduction
4
How will agriculture transform in Africa?
1) Smallholder-led agriculture?
Farmland size
1992-GLSS 3 2006-GLSS5
0-2 ha 56.9 50.32-5 ha 30.8 32.95-10 ha 7.8 10.410-20 ha 3.0 4.120-100 ha 1.5 2.3
5
How will agriculture transform in Africa?
2) Can medium-large scale farmers start small?
3) Does induced technology adoption vary across land abundant and land constrained environments?
6
Seminar objectives
•To identify the policy questions based on initial findings from the survey
•To discuss the conceptual framework and methodologies to support different analyses
7
Medium-Large Scale Farmers and
Mechanization SurveyConducted in collaboration with
Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SARI)
Category
Farm Size by Cultivated area
Sample size
Small < 5 ha 768
Medium 5-20 ha 850
Large >20 ha 225
Total 1,843
8
Medium & Large Scale FarmersKey findings
9
Small Medium LargeNumber of sample farmers 768 850 225
% of farmers who are female 23.2 3.4 2.2
Average cultivated land (ha) 2.9 9.5 38.4
Average land holding size (ha) 5.3 16.5 61.6
Median age (years) 42 44 46Can read and write in any language (%)
31.5 31.1 32.4
Engaged in nonfarm business activity (%)
21.6 23.4 37.8
Demographic characteristics of sampled farmers
Farm size dynamicsSampled farmers with at least 15 years farming experience and initial farm size < 5ha
S162, [25.3%]
Small (S)640
S537 [83.9%]
S340, [53.1%]
M/L178, [27.8%]
M/L197, [30.8%]
M/L192, [30.0%]
Initial
5 years
10 years
15 years
M/L103 [16.1%]
M/L98, [15.3%]
M/L102, [15.9%]
11
Maize yields on largest mono cropped maize plot (1)
• Drop 4th row (repeats), update % count for first 2 rows• Add table with rate of fertilizer use across small medium large• Remove median and replace with % of sample• Remove Tillage rows• Remove next table completely
Small[n=426]
Medium[n=631]
Large[n=188]
Ton/Ha n% Ton/Ha n%Ton/Ha n%
With fertilizer 1.36 85.0 1.49 86.7 1.40 90.4No fertilizer 0.76 15.0 0.87 13.3 1.01 9.6Quantity of fertilizer* >0-50kg/ha 0.72 1.4 0.55 1.8 0.48 6.5 50-100kg/ha 0.84 9.1 0.83 9.1 0.59 11.2 100-150kg/ha 1.16 18.0 1.03 14.3 0.82 17.6 150-200kg/ha .95 11.6 1.23 12.6 1.30 9.4 200-300kg/ha 1.14 29.0 1.40 26.7 1.58 25.9 >300kg/ha 2.00 30.9 2.05 35.5 2.13 29.4*n% is among fertilizer users: small scale n=362; medium scale n=547 and large scale n=170
12
Maize yields on largest mono cropped maize plot (2)
• Drop 4th row (repeats), update % count for first 2 rows• Add table with rate of fertilizer use across small medium large• Remove median and replace with % of sample• Remove Tillage rows• Remove next table completely
Small(n=426)
Medium(n=631)
Large(n=188)
Ton/Ha n% Ton/Ha n% Ton/Ha n%Local variety 1.05 43.7 1.15 33.0 0.93 30.9Hybrid seed use Mamaba (local) 1.66 2.6 1.61 1.3 1.77 2.7 Pannar (imported) 2.43 2.8 2.45 4.6 1.93 5.3Improved seed use Obtanmpa 1.50 22.8 1.39 26.5 1.42 34.6 Other improved 1.29 27.7 1.54 34.4 1.63 26.6
Improved (new) 1.77 4.9 1.46 8.1 2.34 5.9 Improved (<3 years recycled)
1.25 14.8 1.46 13.9 1.34 12.8
Improved ( 3 or more years recycled)
1.39 30.5 1.48 38.8 1.45 42.6
13
Maize yields on largest mono cropped maize plot (3)
Small(n=426)
Medium(n=631)
Large(n=188)
Ton/Ha n% Ton/Ha n%Ton/Ha n%
Obtanmpa
With fertilizer 1.59 81.4 1.42 88.6 1.47 95.4
No fertilizer 1.29 86.0 1.51 86.0 1.36 87.8
Other Improved
With fertilizer 1.38 85.6 1.63 87.6 1.71 88.0
No fertilizer 1.35 84.7 1.42 86.2 1.29 91.3
14
Maize yields on largest mono cropped maize plot (4)
Small(n=426)
Medium(n=631)
Large(n=188)
Ton/Ha n% Ton/Ha n%Ton/Ha n%
Row planted 1.32 84.5 1.42 89.5 1.39 89.4
Broadcasting .97 15.5 1.31 10.5 1.10 10.6
Row planted
With fertilizer 1.41 85.3 1.50 87.4 1.43 90.5
No fertilizer .80 14.7 .87 12.6 1.02 9.5
15
Mechanization: Tractor owners and hiring marketKey findings
16
Distribution of mechanized plowing across surveyed districts
Farmers who use tractor
plowingFarmers who use animal
traction for plowing
Farmers who do not
plow
DistrictNon-tractor
ownersTractor owners
Non-bullock owners
Bullock owners
Ejura 108 119 0 0 26Techiman 14 1 0 0 202Kintampo North
58 9 0 0 154
Yendi 135 112 1 0 21Gushiegu 172 91 5 1 31Kasena Nankana East
99 10 31 11 9
Bawku Municipal
36 5 79 54 21
Sissala East 131 45 17 19 16Total 753 392 133 85 480
17
Farm size among tractor owners, users and non-users
Owners Non owner-users
(n=753)Non users (n=688)
(n=402)
Terc.
1Terc.
2Terc.
3Terc.
1Terc.
2Terc. 3Terc. 1Terc. 2Terc. 3
Landholding (ha)
Mean 14.5 30.1 72.2 5.3 9.1 22.8 3.7 7.1 20.4
Median 10.5 20.3 48.6 3.8 7.3 15 2.4 5.3 12.1
Land cultivated (ha)
Mean 7.4 15.9 45 2.6 5.7 14.6 1.7 4.4 12.1
Median 7.7 16.2 34 2.8 5.7 10.9 1.6 4.3 8.9 NB: terciles by land cultivated
18
Gov.11%Private
89%
Source of Tractor Acquisition
Total number of tractors: 487
Tractor acquisition by source
19
M. Fer-
guson59%Farm
trac13%
J. Deere
9%
Ford7%
Others12%
Dominant Tractor Brands
Total number of tractors: 487
Types of tractors owned
New21%
Used79%
New or Used Tractor?
20
Overall
Terciles of cultivated land
Lowest Middle Highest
How many years hired-in tractor services before owning? (n=339)
9.7 8.8 10.3 10.2
Less than five years (%) 18.3 38.9 23.0 15.8 Five to ten years (%) 30.7 33.3 31.1 30.4 More than ten years (%) 51.0 27.8 45.9 53.8How many years since owning a tractor? (n=397)
3.6 3.1 3.4 4.2
Less than five years (%) 77.8 78.8 82.1 72.5 Five to ten years (%) 15.4 16.7 11.2 18.3 More than ten years (%) 6.8 4.5 6.7 9.2Mean tractors owned per farmer (n=402)
1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4
From tractor user to tractor ownership
21
Motivation for first tractor purchase
Farm ex-pansion
50%
Timeliness22%
Provide services
22%
Others5%
Why do owners acquire tractors?
Total number of tractor owners: 402
22
Overall
Terciles of cultivated land
Lowest MiddleHighes
tPercentage of farmers who hire-out services
First plowing (%) 83.2 82.0 81.7 85.8 Maize shelling (%) 19.5 17.2 18.3 22.8 Carting farm products and inputs (%)
35.5 38.5 38.1 29.9
Ratio of tractor owner to farmers served (median)
1:60 1:60 1:51 1:67
Years providing plowing services (n=302)
5.0 4.1 4.8 6.1
Hiring-out mechanization services among tractor owners
23
Small Medium Large
Number of non-tractor owners (n=1441) 739 637 65
Percentage of farmers who hired services
Plowing (n=750) 45.3 58.9 61.5
Shelling (n=338) 17.3 30.5 24.6Carting (n=375) 20.0 32.3 32.3
Experience with service rental (years)
Plowing 7.7 9.5 12.5Shelling 5.6 6.3 6.6Carting 6.3 7.0 11.8
Source: IFPRI/SARI Survey on medium and large-scale famers and mechanization survey, 2013
Hiring-in tractor services
Non tractor users Tractor usersNumber of farmers 364 881Total hired labor hours/ha
Mean 182 133Median 119 93
Total family labor hours/haMean 431 224
Median 253 125Input use and farming practice
Row planting 85.4 88.8Weedicide 57.7 87.1
Fertilizer 77.5 90.5Hybrid seed 4.4 6.7
Improved seed 50.0 60.224
Source: IFPRI/SARI Survey on medium and large-scale famers and mechanization, 2013
Mechanization and input use – for largest maize plot only
25
TechnologyNo tractor use Tractor use
No Yes No Yes
Used fertilizer 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.5
Row planting 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.5
Hybrid seed - 1.6 - 2.3
Improved seed (new) 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.6
Maize yield (ton/ha) under mechanization and input use
Source: IFPRI/SARI Survey on medium and large-scale famers and mechanization, 2013
26
Discussion on Research Directions
27
Discussion• Should we rethink the role of medium-large scale farmers in agricultural transformation?What are the implications for induced technology adoption?
• Why yield-enhancing technology adoption is not so different across farm sizes?Why yield response to fertilizer and improved seed is not high across all
farm sizes?Why hybrid seed adoption rate is so low across all farm sizes?
• Can medium-large scale farmers lead mechanization in Ghana?Is farmer-to-farmer hiring market an avenue to smalholder
mechanization?
• What outstanding research topics can be addressed using the data?Any suggestions on methodologies/conceptual framework?
• Welcome collaboration to use data!!!!!