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YEAR 10 GEOGRAPHYPLATE TECTONICS
1. ELEMENTARY PLATE TECTONICS
PLATE TECTONICS THEORYThe theory of plate tectonics states that the earth is made up of a number of layers.On the outside there is a very thin crust and underneath is a mantel which makes up 82% of the volume of the earth.Deeper still is a very dense and very hot core.
EVIDENCE OF PLATE TECTONICSThe past and present distribution of earthquakes.The fit of the continents.Glacial deposits in Brazil match those in West Africa.The fossil remains in India match those found in Australia.
Fossil remains of a small aquatic reptile, which is a poor swimmer, are found only in Brazil and southwest Africa.
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< 90 - 119.9
< 120 - 149.9
Plate Boundaries
7000 0 7000 14000 Miles
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Plate Boundaries#S Earthquakes
7000 0 7000 14000 Miles
N
EW
S
Locating Earthquakes
PLATE BOUNDARIESThe zone of earthquakes around the world has helped to define six major plates and a number of minor ones.
There are three main types of boundaries:
• Constructive margins (divergent)• Destructive margins (convergent)• Conservative or passive margins (transform)
PROCESSES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
DIVERGENT (CONSTRUCTIVE) MARGINSAlso known as spreading or divergent plates. Two plates move away from each other, new oceanic crust is formed, resulting in mid-oceanic ridges with volcanoes. Associated with these margins are shallow earthquakes (less than 50km below the surface).Examples: Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Americas moving away from the Eurasian and African Plates).East Pacific Rise (Nazca and Pacific Plates moving apart).East African Rift and Valley and Red Sea.
DESTRUCTIVE (CONVERGENT) MARGINSOceanic crust moves towards continental crust, but, being heavier sinks and is destroyed forming deep-sea trenches and island arcs with volcanoes.Examples: Nazca sinks under South American Plate (Andes).Juan de Fuca sinks under North American Plate (Rockies).Island Arcs of the West Indies.
TRANSFORM (CONSERVATIVE) MARGINSTransform boundaries (Conservative) occur where two lithospheric plates slide, past each other along transform faults, where plates are neither created nor destroyed. The relative motion of the two plates is either sinistral (left side toward the observer) or dextral (right side toward the observer). Transform faults occur across a spreading centre. Strong earthquakes can occur along a fault. Examples: The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary.
EXTRA WORKResearch at home, and summarize in your books, at the end of the lesson, in one two paragraphs one strong earthquake and the type of plate boundaries (and boundaries involved (one paragraph is at least three sentences).
