came from the Latin word persona, which

means mask.

dynamic and organize characteristics

possessed by a person that uniquely influences

his or her cognitions, emotions, and behaviors

in various situation.

one’s physical or inherited attributes as well as

those psychological factors that determine one’s

characteristic behavior.

PHYSICAL : body built, height, weight, texture of the skin, etc..

MENTAL : range of ideas, mental alertness, ability to reason, to conceptualize, etc..

EMOTIONAL : one’s temperament, moods, prejudices, bias, etc..

SOCIAL : relations with other people, likes, dislikes, social responsiveness, etc..

MORAL : his positive or negative adherence to the do’s and don’ts of his society.

INHERITED PREDISPOSITION : These means

that we are only predisposed, through

heredity, to develop patterns of personality

which are not set or fixed but which are only

tendencies.

ABILITIES : These, too, may be inherited or

acquired. One’s intelligence, inherited through

genes and honed by various experiences.

FAMILY AND HOME ENVIRONMENT : These

play a most vital role in personality development.

As an individual matures, the influence of the

family group in emotional

responses, beliefs, morals, social

interrelations, etc. cannot be overemphasized.

CULTURE : The set-up of the family is shaped

by culture. This is the mold which the family

consciously or unconsciously fits the personality

of the child.

I. TYPE THEORIES(Constitutional Type)

These theories postulate that human subjects can profitability be classified into smaller number of classes or types, each class or type having characteristics in common which set its members apart from other classes.

II. TRAIT THEORIES

These theories which consider the

consistency of behavior and classifies according

to the degree to which they can be described in

terms of a number of traits.

TWO KINDS OF TRAITS

COMMON TRAITS : Traits comparable among

people and are praised by comparing one with

another according to preferred values.

PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS : Traits unique for

the person. It is organized in a kind of

hierarchy in an individual.

III. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

These theories stress continuities.

According to this theorists one can best

predict what a person will do in a given

situation by what he has done before in an

earlier situation that resembles the present.

THEORY OF PERSONALITY STRUCTURE

Sigmund Freud suggested that there are three

basic aspects of personality : Id, Ego, and

Superego

Id : the repository of unconscious wishes

primarily libidinal and aggressive

Edo : the mediator between the demands of the

Id and the outer forces of reality

Superego : this maintains the standard of

personality. It corresponds to one’s conscience.

THEORY OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

The five psychosexual stages through which Freud

presumed all children traverse : the Oral, the

Anal, the Phallic, the Latency, and the Genital

Stage.

Oral : (the first 2 years of life) The infant finds

the gratification through stimulation of the lips

and mouth region as in sucking and nursing.

Anal : (between 12-30 months) Toilet training is

related to this period, the child is encouraged to

control eliminating of waste .

Phallic : (between the 3rd and 6th year of

life) The child demonstrate instinctual

attraction for the opposite-sex parent.

a) Oedipus Complex – son-mother

relationship

b) Electra Complex – daughter-father

relationship

Latency : There is increased activity with

the same-sex peers which corresponds

with a decreased of heterosexual activities

Genital : This stage is characterized by

attraction to the opposite sex

THEORY OF PERSONALITY DYNAMICS

This theory aims at the motivational and emotional

components of personality. According to Freud,

man inherits the life instinct and the death instinct

(libido and mortido)

Freud’s concept of Cathexis can help us

understand how libidinal energy influences

personality growth. (cathexis is the investment of

libidinal energy in an idea, memory, object or

activity)

IV. LEARNING THEORIES

This theories desire to find specific

experiences of reward and punishment in later

problem-solving.

ANXIETY THEORY

- This theory, developed by Karen

Horney, an American psychoanalyst, has as its

central concepts, social influences in the

development of the child.

SUPERIORITY AND COMPENSATION

THEORY

- Alfred Adler said that because we strive for

superiority, we are always seeing ways in which we

fall short of our aspirations and hence, ways in

which we are influenced.

WAYS OF IMPROVING PERSONALITY

Some of the positive steps to take if we wish

to improve ourselves are the following:

Self-appraisal : begin listing down and

evaluating your physical, intellectual, social and

emotional traits.

Effective regulation of emotional life : one

must develop of high degree of control over

one’s emotions and not allowing one’s emotion to

control you.

Social relations : one should be capable in

social intimacy- forming friendship and

participating in social relations.

Work : one must be committed to some form of

work that is satisfying as well economically good

Love and Sex : one must be able to forego

personal gratification , even sexual

gratification, to satisfy the loved one.

Self : one must have a positive regard of one’s

self as a distinguished part of the word he lives.

Philosophy in Life : one should live by

philosophy of life that should give direction to

one’s actuation.

HOW TO CHARACTERIZED ABNORMAL

BEHAVIOR ?

Normative View : anybody who is different from

the one making the judgment is said to be

abnormal

Statistical View : anybody is abnormal who

diverges very much from the average

Social Viewpoint : anybody who would like to

escape from reality.

General View : anybody who doesn’t enjoy life

as it is but tries to shut himself from it, is

abnormal

EXAMPLES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Anxiety reaction : the person is continually

uneasy, with secondary complaints like insomnia

and inability to concentrate.

Neurasthenia : the person has difficulty

concentrating, is easily distracted and does not

have the sufficient energy to carry a task in life.

Hypochondriasis : a person is often fearful that

he may die or be seriously ill.

Dissociative Reactions : dissociation of

disturbing memories or thoughts, from the rest

of the personality.

a. Amnesia : person cannot recall certain past

experience on his life.

b. Fugus States : general amnesia for the

person’s entire past, including who is he.

c. Somnambulism : certain thoughts become so

strong during sleep as to determine the person’s

behavior

Conversion Reaction : the person suffers from

physical symptoms with no organic basis.

Phobias : these are reactions characterized by

intense and chronic fear of something.

a. Acrophobia – fear of high places

b. Zoophobia – fear of animals

c. Hydrophobia – fear of water

d. Miso phobia – fear of germs

e. Tanat phobia – fear of death

f. Path phobia – fear of dieses

g. Monophobia – fear of being alone

h. Claustrophobia – fear of enclosed places

i. Agoraphobia – fear of open places

j. Photophobia – fear of light

MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

Definition Of Mental Health

Mental health is a state of good adjustment

with a subjective state of well-being, zest of living

and the feeling of that one is exercising his talents

and abilities

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MENTALLY-

HEALTHY PERSONAITY

Adjusted : handles his conflicts in a realistic

manner

Productive : he has a spontaneity in work and

play

Zest for living : he has a high energy level and

can do hard work with enthusiasm

Sensitive : he is able to give and to receive

Definition of Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is the application of

specialized techniques to treat mental disorders to

everyday problems of adjustment.

Sigmund Freud formulated his “Psychoanalytic

Theory” : (Free Association)

Free Association : a procedure which the

patient relaxes, and allowed to let his thoughts

wander as he muses without any apparent

preconceived goal.

Nondirective Therapy : this is the method

devised by Carl Rogers, this merely

encourages the patient to explore his attitudes

and to support him and his attempts to think

and act.

Group Therapy : the members of a group, say

a family, discuss their personal problems under

the leadership of a therapist.

Psychodrama : this is a diagnostic and

therapeutic technique developed by J L Moreno

which consists of having the individual act out

on a stage his relations with others around

whom conflict centers.

Role Playing : informal type of psychodrama as

is used to prepare patients about to be

discharged from hospitals.

Family Therapy : the members of the group

clarify the feelings they have for each other

through verbalization.

Eclectic Approach : the term eclectic means

“coming from various sources” hence, this

method utilizes any number of methods just

discussed.

Psychotherapy based on Learning Theory :

a. Principle of Counter-conditioning : malaptive

response are weakened or eliminated by

strengthening incompatible ones.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING. ORGANIZER

Jennifer Reymundo

TECHNICAL PERSON

Jayrald Pandanan

MEMBERS

Tinky Artiaga Reymond BonitoJoanne Ela Erneliza Royo

Albert Presentacion Elliot Lanuzo