Flourishing through an eTourism platform: a framework enabling tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits

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IFITT Doctoral Summer School 2015 Slide Number 1

Flourishing through an eTourism platform:a framework enabling tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits

Bruce C.K. WANSchool of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

[email protected]


What is eudaimonic pursuit?

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What is eudaimonic pursuit?The human quests for meaningful life by actualizing one’s true potential across one’s lifespan.

Ryan & Deci, 2001

Insight from positive psychology


How does it happen in tourism?

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Jules & Jimon their journeys to mountain excursions

Jules & Jim are nature lovers.


+

Technology is well integrated into their everyday lives in regardless of situation.


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Like many other people, they use information & communication technology (ICT) throughout their journeys – dreaming, planning, booking, experiencing, and sharing etc.



As nature lovers, they take a cable car which can bring them to the summit.


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Few years later: They decided to climb up the mountain by themselves as they liked to do.



Some years later: They guided other like‐minded to the summit so that other people can share their joy.


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What constitutes meaningful tourist experience?



Hedonic pleasurable experience:Presence of positive affect, absence of negative affect and the high level of satisfaction with one’s life. (Subjective well‐being)

Dimensions of meaningful experience

Eudaimonic meaningful experience:Actualizing one’s true potential across one’s lifespan – to live a life in accordance with one’s virtues. (Psychological well‐being)

Deci & Ryan, 2008; Waterman, 1993

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Hedonia Eudaimonia

Involvem

ent of personal character

strengths in the activity

Self‐centered goal Altruistic goal

This is a pleasant journey!

And… this is an engaging journey!!

Finally… this is a meaningful journey!!!

Based on Seligman’s three dimensions of life (2002)


Hedonic pleasurable experience

Dimensions of meaningful experience

Eudaimonic meaningful experience

A pleasant journey:Self‐gratifying experience.

An engaging journey:Involving of one’s character strengths for self‐gratification and self‐actualization.

A meaningful journey:Using one’s character strengths in the service of a purpose greater than self‐interest

Transformation

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Why does it matter to eTourism?


Why does it matter to eTourism?1. Tourism provides opportunities to explore and exercise our

potentials. (Filep & Pearce, 2013; Kler & Tribe, 2012; Little, 2012; Noy, 2004; Pearce, 2009; Reisinger, 2013)

2. Technology becomes our “third nature”. (Baeva, 2014; Verbeek, 2005)3. eTourism takes an integral role in the construction of tourist

experience. (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014, 2015; Neuhofer, Buhalis, & Ladkin, 2014)

4. Our society is undertaking positive transformation. (Pine & Gilmore, 1999; Anderson et al., 2013; Diener & Seligman, 2004; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Tromp & Hekkert, 2014; White & Waters, 2015)

5. A new human computer interface (HCI) framework is needed to cope with the “positive” change. (Calvo & Peters, 2014; Sander, 2011)

6. Scanty similar research has been conducted in the field of eTourism.

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The role of ICT in the tourism industry

Past

• Computer Reservation System

• Focused on productivity and efficacy

• Business and management centric

• Technology as means to streamline transactions

Present

• Multi‐media platforms

• Focused on usability and user experience

• Consumer and user centric

• Technology as means to response user needs

Create meaningful tourist experience (McCabe, Sharples, & Foster, 2012)

Future

(Buhalis, 2003; Buhalis & Law, 2008) (Andersson, 2007; Benyon, Quigley, O’Keefe, & Riva, 2013; Berger et al., 2007; Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2014, 2015; Neuhofer, Buhalis, & Ladkin, 2014)


The role of ICT in the tourism industry

Past, present, and the future

Could meaningful tourist experience be addressed by current usability and user experience (UX) enhancement?

Positive interaction (design) solutions are beyond the pragmatic view on efficiency and effectiveness (as in usability) or the hedonic goal on emotional aspects and pleasurable experiences (as in UX) – HCI for eudaimonia concerns about living well (virtuously) rather than merely feeling good.

(Peters & Calvo, 2014; Pohlmeyer, 2013)

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Agenda

1. Introduction

2. Problem statement

3. Research framework and hypotheses

4. Proposed methodology

5. Anticipated results

6. References


3. Research framework and hypotheses

• What are the qualities of meaningful tourist experience? (Stage 1 – by deconstructing meaningful tourist experiences with empirical research)

• How can technology support the development of meaningful tourist experience? (Stage 2 – by reconstructing meaningful

tourist experience with conceptualization of new eTourism platform)

Key research questions:

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Adaptation based on Vision in Product Design (ViP) model, Hekkert & VanDijk (2011)

Meaning

New

meaning

Activities

New

activities

Statement

Empirical plane (activity)

Theoretical plane (framework and model)

Interaction plane (meaning)

Tourist activities

Meaningfulness

Deconstruction Reconstruction

Stage 1What are the qualities of meaningful tourist experience?

Stage 2How can technology support the development of meaningful tourist experience?


Stage 1 ‐ deconstruct meaningful tourist experience

What are the qualities of meaningful tourist experience?

‐ How do meaningful tourists’ activities and experiences contribute to their personal growth and positive transformation?

‐ What are the characteristics of those meaningful tourist activities and experiences?

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Meaningful experience is the result of exercising one’s signature character strengths in an activity which can enable personal growth, self‐acceptance, and positive transformation.

Peterson & Seligman (2004)

Locating meaningful experience in (serious) leisure


Serious leisure is a “systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that is highly substantial, interesting, and fulfilling and where, in the typical case, participants find a career in acquiring and expressing a combination of its special skills, knowledge, and experience”. (Stebbins, 1992, p. 3)


Locating meaningful experience in (serious) leisure

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Causal leisure vs Serious leisure

Casual leisure Serious leisure

Immediately and intrinsically rewarding

Intrinsically rewarding with progression paths

Relative short‐lived Long‐term involvement

Pleasurable activity Activity leading to self‐actualization

Little to none training is required Specific skills and knowledge are required

Fundamentally hedonic Eudaimonic and transformational

Pure enjoyment and pleasure Satisfaction

Stebbins, 1992


Value in Action (VIA) classification of character strengths and virtues (Peterson & Seligman, 2004)

`

A framework which lists six universally prominent virtues and 24 related character strengths. Exercising character strengths can enable positive experience, engagement, meaning, and the development of virtues for eudaimonia (Harzer & Ruch, 2013; Littman‐Ovadia & Steger, 2010; Peterson & Seligman,

2004).


Identify how one’s character strengths are developed through his/her serious leisure activities

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VIA Classification of Character Strengths and Virtues - Peterson & Seligman (2004)Virtues Character Strengths Virtues Character StrengthsWisdom Creativity – originality, adaptive, ingenuity;

Curiosity – interest, novelty-seeking, exploration, openness to experience;Judgment – critical thinking, thinking things through, open-mined;Love of learning – mastering new skills & topics, systematically adding to knowledge;Perspective – wisdom, providing wise counsel, taking the big picture view.

Transcendence Appreciation of beauty & excellence – awe, wonder, elevation;Gratitude – thankful for the good, expressing thanks, feeling blessed, Hope – optimism, future-mindedness, future orientation;Humor – playfulness, bringing smiles to others, lighthearted;Spirituality – religiousness, faith, purpose, meaning

Courage Bravery – valor, not shrinking from fear, speaking up for what’s right;Perseverance – persistence, industry, finishing what one starts;Honesty – authenticity, integrity;Zest – vitality, enthusiasm, vigor, energy, feeling alive and activated.

Temperance Forgiveness – mercy, accepting others’ shortcomings, giving people a second chance;Humility – modesty, letting one’s accomplishments speak for themselves;Prudence – careful, cautious, not taking undue risks;Self-regulation – self-control, disciplined, managing impulses & emotions;

Humanity Love – both loving and being loved, valuing close relations with others;Kindness – generosity, nurturance, care, compassion, altruism, “niceness”;Social intelligence – emotional intelligence, aware of the motive/feelings of self/others, knowing what makes other people tick.

Justice Teamwork – citizenship, social responsibility, loyalty;Fairness – just, not letting feelings bias decisions about others;Leadership – organizing group activities, encouraging a group to get things done.



Patterns may emerge by probing into the developmental aspects of those character strengths involved in one’s serious leisure practice, which can inform the researcher in devising a framework for the future design of eTourism platform.

From deconstruction to reconstruction of meaningful tourist experience

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Stage 2 – reconstruct meaningful tourist experience

Positive computing is proposed to recognize the research and design of technology to support psychological well‐being (PWB) and eudaimonia.

Nine determinant factors and three approaches of PWB are identified.

(Calvo & Peters, 2014; Peters & Calvo, 2014)

Interaction design for eudaimonia


Determinant factors of well-beingSelf (Intrapersonal) Positive emotions,

Motivation and Engagement, Self-Awareness, Mindfulness, Resilience

Social(Interpersonal)

Gratitude, Empathy

Transcendent(Extra-personal)

Compassion, Altruism

Calvo & Peters (2014)


Approaches to integrate design solutionsPreventative Obstacles or compromises to well-

being are treated as errors and design is used to rectify existing problem.

Active Well-being is part of the concern about a solution designed for a final goal and purpose other than well-being.

Dedicated The design and technology is purposely built for well-being enhancement.

Calvo & Peters (2014)

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Various design strategies can be considered such as behavior modification, projection, enactment, gamification, reflection, introspection, celebration, and mindfulness practice, for supporting one’s eudaimonic pursuit.



Summary

Stage 1 – deconstruction Stage 2 – construction

HypothesisMeaningful tourist experience necessitates involvement of one’s signature character strengths in an activity.

HypothesiseTourism plays an integral role in one’s pursuit of eudaimonia by identifying, developing, celebrating and reflecting on its signature character strengths.

Meaning

New

meaning

Activities

New

activities

Statement


Theoretical plane (framework and model)


Tourist activities

Meaningfulness

Deconstruction Reconstruction

ObjectiveTo identify cross-sectional and developmental aspects of character strengths involved in constructing tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits through serious leisure activities.

ObjectiveTo propose future scenarios, frameworks, applications, design methods, evaluation models for the future development of eTourism platform supporting tourists’ eudaimonic pursuit.

Adaptation based on ViP model, Hekkert & VanDijk (2011)

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Research approach

Hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative inquiry(semi‐structured interview)

Stage1 – Descriptive and qualitative research

Objective

To identify cross‐sectional and developmental aspects of character strengths involved in constructing tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits through serious leisure activities.


4. Proposed methodologyStage1 – Area of Investigation

The research probes into participants' senses of eudaimonia in three key areas:1. Participants’ character strengths involved in their

serious leisure practice in everyday life2. Participants’ character strengths involved in their

serious leisure practice during travel journeys3. Participants’ use of ICT throughout different stages of

their serious leisure practice: anticipation, experiencing, sharing, and recounting

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4. Proposed methodologyStage1 – Method to be used

Thematic analysis and interpretative phenomenological analysis are used to analyze content of interviews.

Thematic analysis, is elaborated based on VIA classification, is used as guidance to conduct the interview content and well as coding scheme.

Interpretative phenomenological analysis is a bottom‐top approach that helps researcher to reveal hidden meaning within participants’ discourses.



Research approach

Interaction Design with Research through Design approaches (RtD)

Stage2 – Exploratory research through interaction design

Objective

To propose future scenarios, frameworks, applications, design methods, evaluation models for the future development of eTourism platform supporting tourists’ eudaimonic pursuit.

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4. Proposed methodologyStage2 – Area of Investigation

The research generates possible future scenarios and conditions to enable and support one’s eudaimonic pursuits in the context of leisure and tourism:1. To facilitate one’s eudaimonic pursuit with interaction

design.2. Use ICT as means to make such pursuit sustainable.3. To enable positive transformations at the level of

individual, organization, and society.


4. Proposed methodologyStage2 – Method to be usedResearch through design (RtD) is an approach to conducting scholarly research that employs the methods, practices, and processes of design practice with the intention of generating new knowledge. While scientific research seeks universal rules and principles and social science research works with the past and present, design research looks into particulars and projects preferable solutions into a future context.

(Zimmerman and Forlizzi, 2014)

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Positive Computing (Calvo & Peters, 2014)Engineering - HCI

Actor Network Theory (ANT) (Latour, 1999)Authenticity (Wang 1999, Knudsen & Waade, 2010)Hopeful tourism (Pritchard, Morgan, & Atelijevic, 2011)Mobility paradigm (Urry, 2007)Performance turn (Haldrup & Larsen, 2010)Positive psychology and tourism (Filep, 2012, Filep & Pearce, 2013)Transformational tourism (Reisinger, 2013)Etourism (Neuhofer, Buhalis & Ladkin, 2013)

Tourism studies (listed in alphabetical order)

Stage 1 deconstructing tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits through serious leisure activities

Empirical researchFlourishing through eTourism

Values in Action (VIA) classification of character strengths and virtues (Peterson & Seligman, 2004)

Positive Psychology

Serious Leisure (Stebbins, 1982)Leisure studies

Stage 1 investigation – Empirical research

Vision in Product Design (ViP) (Hekkert & van Dijk, 2011)Research through Design (RtD) (Zimmerman, Forlizzi, & Evenson, 2007)

Design

An overview of the research project pathways – Flourishing through eTourism

Research pathway – adaptation based on this study based on Zimmerman, Forlizzi, and Evenson’s RtD model (2007)

Field dataPatterns and particularities on tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits

Research artifacts• Framework• Blueprint• Prototype• Scenario•User Case• Evaluation

model

Unanticipated effectsEnable Eudaimonia through eTourism platform

Theories• Tourist in quest of existential authenticity• Tourism, performance and the everyday• Positive psychology in tourism studies• eTourism, Smart tourism initiatives etc.

Stage 2Interaction Design Research

flourishing through eTourism

Design opportunitiesResearch-oriented Design

Technical opportunitiesA HCI framework for eudaimonia


Flourishing through eTourism platform(Research model on design for eudaimonia)

Adaptation based on ViP model, Hekkert & VanDijk (2011)

Research approachHermeneutic phenomenological qualitative inquiry

FrameworkWell-being factors for positive computingSelf (Intrapersonal) - positive emotions, motivation & engagement, self-awareness, mindfulness, resilience;Social (Interpersonal) - gratitude, empathy;Transcendent (Extra-personal) - compassion, altruism.(Calvo & Peters, 2014, PP.85-86)

Conn

ectio

ns

Co-c

reat

ion

with

te

chno

logy

Tourism

Tourist well-being pursuit

Serious LeisureEverydayness

FrameworkVIA Classification of Character Strengths and VirtuesWisdom – creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of learning, perspective;Courage – bravery, perseverance, honesty, zest;Humanity – love, kindness, social intelligenceJustice – teamwork, fairness, leadership;Temperance – forgiveness, humility, prudence, self-regulation;Transcendence – appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality.(Peterson & Seligman, 2004)

Activ

ities

Signature character strengths

ObjectiveTo identify cross-sectional and developmental aspects of character strengths involved in constructing tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits through serious leisure activities. Flo

urish

ing

Framework for transformative

tourist experience


Theoretical plane (eudaimonic pursuit)

Research approachInteraction Design with Research through Design approaches (RtD)

Stage 1 – deconstruction Stage 2 – construction

ObjectiveTo propose future scenarios, frameworks, applications, design methods, evaluation models for the future development of eTourism platform supporting tourists’ eudaimonic pursuit.


HypothesisMeaningful tourist experience necessitates involvement of one’s signature character strengths in an activity.

HypothesiseTourism plays an integral role in one’s pursuit of eudaimonia by identifying, developing, celebrating and reflecting on its signature character strengths.

Positive EmotionMotivation EngagementSelf-awarenessMindfulnessResilienceGratitudeEmpathyCompassionAltruism

x

x

x

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Research artifacts:This study attempts to fill a knowledge gap that is transdisciplinary in nature.

Stage 1: Patterns and characteristics favorable to one’s eudaimonic pursuit, which applicable to ICT & eTourism platform.

Stage 2: To propose interaction design frameworks and principles to support and enable positive development of well‐being with prototypes, scenarios, user cases, and evaluation models.

5. Anticipated result


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Flourishing through an eTourism platform: a framework enabling tourists’ eudaimonic pursuits