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Flip-Flops

• Latches are “transparent” (=> any change on the inputs is seen at the outputs immediately).

• This causes synchronization problems!

• Solution: use latches to create flip-flops that can respond (update) ONLY at SPECIFIC times (instead of ANY time).

D FLIP-FLOP

Flip flop can perform 3 operations

• Set the output to 1• Reset the output to 0• Complement the output

• D flip-flop can perform first two operations.

JK Flipflop

Characteristics Equation : D = JQ’ + K’Q

J=K=0; No Change

J=1,K=0, D=1, so Q = 1

J=0,K=1, D=0, so Q = 0

J=K=1, D= Q’, so Q = Q’

•It can perform all three operations.

•It has two inputs and a clock signal.

•It makes use of D flip-flop.

T (toggle) Flip-flop• It’s a complementing flip-flop

• It can be made using JK flip-flop or D flip-flop.

• If made using JK flip-flop– Inputs J & K are tied together– T=0, J=K=0, No Change in Q– T=1, J=K=1, Q = Q’

• If made using D flip-flop– Q = D = T XOR Q = TQ’ + T’Q

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