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ETHICS EVOLVEDAN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON COPYING IN THE NETWORKED AGE
Aram Sinnreich, PhDAssociate ProfessorAmerican University SOC
Presented atAmerican University SOC
Faculty ForumNovember 3, 2015
/INTRODUCTION/
MY PARENTS’ DINNER TABLE CONVERSATION, C. 1982
Yiddish 17%
Latin 22%
Curse Words 13%
Grownup English 29%
Regular English 19%
ConfigurableCulture
/CONFIGURABLE CULTURE/
NEW CULTURAL FORMS & PRACTICES
MemesMashups Machinima …& Much More
/CONFIGURABLE CULTURE/
CONSUMPTION VS. PRODUCTION
CONSUMPTION PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION-ADJACENT
CONSUMPTION-ADJACENT
???
/CONFIGURABLE CULTURE/
NEW CULTURAL LOGICS, NEW SOCIAL FORMATIONS & INSTITUTIONS
Survey
/SURVEY/
RESPONDENTS: ONLINE, ENGLISH-SPEAKING ADULTS
2006
1,779U.S.
2014-15
452 U.S.945 non-US
U.S. 452U.K. 172India 147Australia 144Canada 118Philippines 83New Zealand 52Ireland 52Singapore 52South Africa 51Malaysia 47
2010
1,100 U.S.1,955 non-US
U.S. 971India 291 Turkey 270Canada 148 Canada 148South Africa 146 Philippines 129Israel 64Australia 63Singapore 62U.K. 52 Sweden 41Malaysia 40
Awareness
/SURVEY/AWARENESS/
AWARENESS OF CONFIGURABLE CULTURE HAS JUMPED IN THE U.S.PHOTOSHOP
MUSIC MASHUP
MODS
AMV
VID REMIX
MACHINIMA
NONE
0 25 50 75 10017.9
11
27.6
21.5
16.6
24.1
42.8
14.6
10.6
31.8
25.1
12.9
31.4
39.6
1.3
40
53.8
57.1
58.4
77
90.3
US 2014US 2010US 2006
/SURVEY/AWARENESS/
MUSIC MASHUPS: U.S. AWARENESS BY AGE, 2006-201418-25
26-34
35-44
45-54
55+
0 25 50 75 100
8.3
20.7
26.8
28.8
49.2
21.1
21.8
36.9
48
60.4
51.5
65.8
71.6
82.1
85.8
US 2014US 2010US 2006
/SURVEY/AWARENESS/
MUSIC MASHUPS: AWARENESS BY NATION, 2010-2015US
PHILIPPINES
UK
S. AFRICA
CANADA
SINGAPORE
AUSTRALIA
INDIA
0 25 50 75 100
44.3
30.2
41.9
41.2
47.9
34.6
56.6
31.4
42.2
44.4
57.7
61.9
62.8
69.8
69.9
77
20152010
Consumption
≈
/SURVEY/CONSUMPTION/
CONSUMPTION HAS SKYROCKETED IN THE U.S.PHOTOSHOP
MUSIC MASHUP
MODS
VID REMIX
MACHINIMA
AMVS
NONE
0 25 50 75 100
44.4
7.1
5.2
10
6.9
11.9
14.5
4.9
19
20.1
25.2
38.9
43.4
68.1
US 2014US 2010
/SURVEY/CONSUMPTION/
GENERAL CONSUMPTION BY NATION, 2010-2015US
INDIA
PHILIPPINES
S. AFRICA
SINGAPORE
UK
CANADA
AUSTRALIA
0 25 50 75 100
59.3
61.4
60.4
80.4
70.6
88.4
86.2
55.6
60.4
73.7
75.6
80.8
86.3
91.6
94.6
95.1
20152010
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY AGE, 2010-201518-25
26-34
35-44
45-54
55+
0 25 50 75 100
55.3
58.8
73.4
83.8
95.3
52.8
69.6
85.8
91.9
95.6
20152010
/SURVEY/CONSUMPTION/
Engagement
/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/
MUSIC ENGAGEMENT BY NATION, 2010-2015PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
US
INDIA
S. AFRICA
UK
CANADA
AUSTRALIA
0 25 50 75 100
73
73
65.4
89.7
92.1
64.7
90.3
98.4
75
78.2
87.2
94.1
95.2
95.8
96.2
98.8
20152010
/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/
VIDEO ENGAGEMENT BY NATION, 2010-2015PHILIPPINES
INDIA
US
CANADA
S. AFRICA
UK
SINGAPORE
AUSTRALIA
0 25 50 75 100
52.4
69.4
53.8
71.9
53.4
53.8
84.5
84.5
59
65.4
68
70.6
75.4
87.2
92.5
92.8
20152010
/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/
MUSIC: U.S. ENGAGEMENT BY AGE, 2006-201418-25
26-34
35-44
45-54
55+
0 25 50 75 100
20.5
29.2
36.5
43
61.2
56.4
60.2
67.4
74.9
87.5
93.9
97.4
95.1
96.5
95.3
US 2014US 2010US 2006
/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/
CUSTOM MUSIC RADIO: U.S. ENGAGEMENT BY AGE, 2006-201418-25
26-34
35-44
45-54
55+
0 25 50 75 100
1.2
2.5
4.8
8
9.5
7.5
9.9
11.8
20.1
16.7
9.1
31.6
41.2
39.9
48.1
US 2014US 2010US 2006
/SURVEY/ENGAGEMENT/
GLOBAL AWARENESS VS. CONSUMPTION VS. ENGAGEMENT, 2014/15PHOTOSHOP
MUSIC MASHUP
MEMES
VID REMIX
AMV
MACHINIMA
0 25 50 75 100
5
4
5
22
7
34
15
19
24
43
33
53
27
46
52
58
63
79
AwarenessConsumptionEngagement
Opinions
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY, 2006
25
50
75
100
32.3
49.1
18.525
50
75
100
44.6
44.7
10.7
18-25 35-44 55+
0
25
50
75
100 22.2
59.9
17.9
Original Sometimes Never
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY, 2006-2010
25
50
75
100
2006 2010
18.7
18.7
32.3
48.749.1
13.918.525
50
75
100
2006 2010
26.7
25.2
44.6
38.744.7
9.410.7
18-25 35-44 55+
0
25
50
75
100
2006 2010
10.420.8
22.2
60.459.9
8.317.9
Original Sometimes Never No Answer
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY, 2006-2014
25
50
75
100
2006 2010 2014
118.7 13.7
18.7
32.362.7
48.749.1
22.513.918.5
25
50
75
100
2006 2010 2014
12.126.730.3
25.2
44.6
42.438.7
44.7
15.29.410.7
18-25 35-44 55+
0
25
50
75
100
2006 2010 2014
3.810.4 11.320.8
22.2
57.5
60.459.9
27.4
8.317.9
Original Sometimes Never No Answer
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT COPYRIGHT, 2006
25
50
75
100
42.2
45.6
12.2
25
50
75
100
60.5
33.9
5.7
18-25 35-44 55+
0
25
50
75
100 27.7
53.3
18.9
All Fair Some Uses All Theft
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT COPYRIGHT, 2006-2010
25
50
75
100
2006 2010
18.2
31.6
42.2
43.945.6
6.412.2
25
50
75
100
2006 2010
17.7
47.4
60.5
30.833.9
4.15.7
18-25 35-44 55+
0
25
50
75
100
2006 2010
16.7
29.2
27.7
43.8
53.3
10.418.9
All Fair Some Uses All Theft No Answer
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT COPYRIGHT, 2006-2014
25
50
75
100
2006 2010 2014
18.2 18.6
31.6
42.2
56.9
43.945.6
24.56.412.2
25
50
75
100
2006 2010 2014
9.117.736.4
47.4
60.5
48.5
30.833.9
6.14.15.7
18-25 35-44 55+
0
25
50
75
100
2006 2010 2014
2.816.7 12.329.2
27.7
49.1
43.8
53.3
35.8
10.418.9
All Fair Some Uses All Theft No Answer
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
U.S. OPINIONS ABOUT ORIGINALITY BY EXPOSURE, 2015
Heard ofMashups
0
25
50
75
100 2.310.165.5
22.1
Original Sometimes Unoriginal No Answer
25
50
75
100
1.76.1
69.1
23.2
Heard ofMachinima
25
50
75
100
1.68.9
65.9
23.6
Heard ofAMVs
25
50
75
100
13.627.2
40.9
18.2
Never Heard ofThese Four
25
50
75
100
1.610.364.6
23.5
Heard ofVid Remix
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
ALL/SOME USES CAN BE “ORIGINAL”, 2010-2015US
PHILIPPINES
INDIA
SINGAPORE
CANADA
UK
MALAYSIA
S AFRICA
AUSTRALIA
0 25 50 75 10044.4
56.8
65
55.8
52.7
56.5
51.9
62.8
54.8
45.1
58.8
63.8
65.1
65.3
65.4
68
79.5
84.1
20152010
/SURVEY/OPINIONS/
ALL/SOME USES SHOULDN’T REQUIRE PERMISSION, 2010-2015US
PHILIPPINES
UK
MALAYSIA
CANADA
INDIA
SINGAPORE
S AFRICA
AUSTRALIA
0 25 50 75 10034.9
44.5
56.5
45
45.3
52.5
50
47.3
44.6
38.9
49
51.9
54.4
55.1
57.4
58.7
62.7
79.4
20152010
Ethics
/SURVEY/ETHICS/
THE ETHICS OF CONFIGURABILITY: 12 CRITERIAUnethical Criterion(n=574) Ethical
Unpermissioned Legal(91) Permissioned
Forprofit Commercial(37) Notforprofit
Pretension AuthenAcity(24) Referenced
Unoriginal InnovaAon(121) Original
Easy Labor(7) Hardwork
BastardizaAon Moral(8) Homage
Rupture ConAnuity(17) EvoluAon
Useless/Harmful UseValue(112) Fun/Beneficial
Ugly AestheAc(69) BeauAful
Subversive PowerRelaAons(37) Empowering
Meaningless SelfExpression(35) Expressive
ExploitaAve IndustryRelaAons(16) PromoAonal
/SURVEY/ETHICS/
CRITERION: AUTHENTICITY“Remixes are enjoyed by some people but those who are making it should consider crediting the owner of material.”- Filipino M, 30-34
“They’re fine as long as they aren’t blatantly ripping off other remixes.”- U.S. M, 22-25
“Remixes are fun, but the original creators should be given their due credit as well.” - Irish F, 26-29
/SURVEY/ETHICS/
CRITERION: INNOVATION
“I have NEVER seen or heard anything that, in my opinion, is better than the original.” - Australian M, 70+
“I think mashups are a form of musical art and and sometimes even sound better than the original.”- S. African M, 22-25
“Some remixes are very innovative others are poor copies.”- U.K. M, 60-64
/SURVEY/ETHICS/
CRITERION: POWER RELATIONS
“I feel that technology has moved to a point where legislation can no longer keep up with controlling permissions on copyright materials”- Australian M, 65-69
“The DMCA system is corrupted and abused to hell and needs a reform”- U.S. M, 30-34
“i think major copyright reform is required. The law has lost its meaning. How does applying copyright for 50 years after the death of a person provide incentives to continue creating.”- Irish M, 30-34
/SURVEY/ETHICS/
CRITERION: INDUSTRY RELATIONS
“I think copyright holders (music labels, movie companies) could do more to make material available to talented remixers and masher-uppers - supporting people who can get their stuff to new audiences could be a good business move.”- Australian F, 30-34
“So long as the individual does not make money from somebody's work, mashups and remixes should be allowed. In my eyes I see it as free advertisement.”- U.K. M, 18-21
“I think large organizations should view mash-ups as free advertising and be glad that they're getting extra exposure, as long as no one is making money off it..”- Canadian F, 26-29
/SURVEY/ETHICS/
ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS VARY BY NATION (2014/15 DATA)
US Phil Aust Malay Canada NZ UK India S. Afr
Innovation
Use Value
Legal
Aesthetic
Power
Expression
Commercial
Authentic
Industry
Continuity
Law
/COPYRIGHT LAW/
CHANGES AFOOT IN COPYRIGHT LANDSCAPE (OCTOBER 2015 EDITION)
TPP COMPLETION:LONGER (C) TERMS
ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION DRM MANDATE
RESTRICTIONS ON FAIR USE
CISA PASSAGE:IDENTIFIES IP AS A
“CYBERSECURITY” ISSUEGRANTS LEGAL IMMUNITY FOR
CORPORATE SURVEILLANCE
FAIR USE WINS:GOOGLE BOOKS
LENZ V. UNIVERSAL TUFAMERICA V. JAY-Z
Domestic
OPEN LICENSING:CREATIVE COMMONS:
1 BILLION LICENSED WORKSInternational
DMCA EXEMPTIONS
