Education at a Glance 2014 - United Kingdom

1

Education at a Glance 2014

Presentation - press conference in the United

Kingdom (September 9, 2014)

No country has made a greater effort than the UK to invest more current wealth (GDP) into more future wealth (education)…

…but there is still lots of scope to improve educational outcomes

2

Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions

Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

De

nm

ark

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Bra

zil

Fin

lan

d

Au

stra

lia

Ire

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Jap

an

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Ge

rma

ny

Slo

ven

ia

Ch

ile

Ca

na

da

Po

rtu

ga

l

Me

xico

Ko

rea

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Au

stri

a

Sp

ain

EU

21

ave

rag

e

No

rwa

y

Be

lgiu

m

Fra

nce

Sw

ed

en

Isra

el

Ice

lan

d

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Po

lan

d

Est

on

ia

Italy

Hu

ng

ary

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

Change in public expenditure on educational institutions

Change in Gross Domestic Product

Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDPIndex of change (2008=100)

Chart B2.3 - T

OECD countries spend USD 9 252 per student per year from primary through tertiary education

Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions, by type of service (2011)U

nite

d S

tate

s

Au

stri

a

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Be

lgiu

m

Ire

lan

d

Sw

ed

en

Ge

rma

ny

Au

stra

lia

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Fin

lan

d

Fra

nce

Slo

ven

ia

Sp

ain

EU

21

ave

rag

e

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Italy

Ko

rea

Po

rtu

ga

l

Isra

el

Po

lan

d

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Ch

ile

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Hu

ng

ary

Me

xico

Bra

zil

Sw

itze

rla

nd

No

rwa

y

De

nm

ark

Jap

an

Ice

lan

d

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Est

on

ia

La

tvia

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Tu

rke

y

Ind

on

esi

a

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

Core services Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions) and R&D Total

In equivalent USD conver-ted using PPPs

Chart B1.1

Chart A9.4

Student performance and equity

051015202530300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

471.131460759248

522.971758192682

409.626613284347

448.859130247605

561.241096454551

520.545521676786518.750335282979

426.737491293011

536.406918234209

478.260635903011

504.150766311123518.078519433354

385.595556395556

538.134494733918

U.A.E. 431.798408505079

492.795697239492

376.4483986347

489.373070348755

413.281466667708

534.96508297892

553.766659143614

485.321181012553

406.999866988793

444.554242787643466.48143014931

513.525055819929

375.114451681748376.488601072821

387.824629620248388.431709907141

391.459888954175

420.512967619053447.984414978955

452.973426858908478.823277433358

490.571021411359Russian Fed.484.319297801971UK

498.95788231768

500.026756625414

501.127422390952

501.497460196644

505.540743249801

511.338207501184

530.931003950396

573.46831429664

612.675536305453

517.501096817955

481.366786279212

368

423

439

477

482487

490

495

409

500

560

515

OE

CD

av

erag

e

OECD average

Percentage of variance in performance explained by ESCS (r-squared x 100)

Me

an

ma

the

ma

tics

pe

rfo

rma

nce

Below average mathematics performanceBelow average impact of socio-economic

background

Above average mathematics performanceBelow average impact of socio-economic

background

Below average mathematics performanceAbove average impact of socio-economic background

Above average mathematics performanceAbove average impact of socio-economic background

Relationship between mathematics performance and variation in performance explained by students’ socio-economic status

Expenditure on early childhood education accounts for 0.6% of GDP, on average

Expenditure on early childhood educational institutions (2011) as a percentage of GDP, by funding source

De

nm

ark

Ice

lan

d

Sp

ain

La

tvia

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Slo

ven

ia

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Ch

ile

Sw

ed

en

Po

lan

d

Fra

nce

Isra

el

Arg

en

tina

Be

lgiu

m

Me

xico

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Au

stri

a

Ge

rma

ny

EU

21

ave

rag

e

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

No

rwa

y

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Co

lom

bia

Ita

ly

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Fin

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Est

on

ia

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Ko

rea

Jap

an

Au

stra

lia

Hu

ng

ary

Bra

zil

Po

rtu

ga

l

Sw

itze

rla

nd

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

TotalPublic expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP

% of GDP

Chart C2.3

The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education

Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents

Isra

el

Ind

on

esi

a

Me

xico

Ch

ile

Fra

nce

Tu

rke

y

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Bra

zil

Po

lan

d

Be

lgiu

m

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ko

rea

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Jap

an

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Sp

ain

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Ge

rma

ny

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Italy

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Hu

ng

ary

Fin

lan

d

Slo

ven

ia

Est

on

ia

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Sw

ed

en

Ice

lan

d

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Student to teaching staff ratio

Chart C2.4

Countries spend their money differently…

…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes.

8

The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time

Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USDB

elg

ium

(F

l.)

Ge

rma

ny

Au

stri

a

Sp

ain

Po

rtu

ga

l

Au

stra

lia

No

rwa

y

Ca

na

da

Fra

nce

Ire

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ko

rea

Italy

Fin

lan

d

En

gla

nd

Slo

ven

ia

Isra

el

Po

lan

d

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Tu

rke

y

Hu

ng

ary

Ch

ile

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Est

on

ia

-3 800

-2 800

-1 800

- 800

200

1 200

2 200

3 200

Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time

Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size

difference with OECD averageUSD

Chart B7.4

Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education

Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)

Australia 10Colombia1 9

Spain 10United States 9

Israel 9Netherlands7 9

Chile 8Mexico 9Ireland 9France 9

Canada 9Luxembourg 9

Denmark 10England 9

Norway 10Iceland 10Portugal 9

OECD average 9Italy 8

Japan 9EU21 average 9

Germany 9Greece 9

Belgium (Fr.) 8Czech Republic 9Slovak Republic 9

Sweden 9Belgium (Fl.) 8

Estonia 9Austria 8Korea 9

Finland 9Slovenia 9

Turkey 8Poland 9China1 9Latvia 9

Hungary 8

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000

Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower secondary education, in years

Chart D1.1

Total number of compulsory instruction hours

The number of students per class tends to increase between primary and lower secondary education

Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2012)C

hin

a

Ch

ile

Jap

an

Isra

el

Ko

rea

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Ire

lan

d

Tu

rke

y

Bra

zil

Au

stra

lia

Ind

on

esi

a

Fra

nce

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Sp

ain

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Be

lgiu

m (

Fr.

)

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ge

rma

ny

Hu

ng

ary

Po

rtu

ga

l

De

nm

ark

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Me

xico

Fin

lan

d

Italy

Ice

lan

d

Slo

ven

ia

Po

lan

d

Au

stri

a

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Gre

ece

Est

on

ia

Lu

xem

bo

urg

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Primary Lower secondary

Nu

mb

er

of s

tud

en

ts p

er

cla

ssro

om

Chart D2.2

Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers

Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions

Ko

rea

Sp

ain

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Po

rtu

ga

l

Tu

rke

y

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Ca

na

da

Fin

lan

d

Ge

rma

ny

En

gla

nd

Au

stra

lia

Gre

ece

De

nm

ark

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Be

lgiu

m (

Fl.)

Fra

nce

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Isra

el

Est

on

ia

Po

lan

d

Sco

tlan

d

Sw

ed

en

Be

lgiu

m (

Fr.

)

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Ire

lan

d

Slo

ven

ia

Ch

ile

No

rwa

y

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Italy

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Hu

ng

ary

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

0

0.5

1

1.5

Ratio

Chart D3.1

Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education

OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training.

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education

Index of change2005 = 100

Chart Box D.3.2

Equivalent USD converted using PPPs

The UK is one of the few countries that have figured out a sustainable approach to higher education finance

…and the investments pay off for individuals and taxpayers

14

About 31% of spending on tertiary education comes from private sources, on average

Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2011)

Chi

le

Kor

ea

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Japa

n

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Col

ombi

a

Aus

tral

ia

Isra

el

Can

ada

Latv

ia

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

New

Zea

land

Italy

Mex

ico

Por

tuga

l

OE

CD

ave

rage

Indo

nesi

a

Net

herla

nds

Pol

and

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Arg

entin

a

Spa

in

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Est

onia

Irel

and

Fra

nce

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ger

man

y

Slo

veni

a

Aus

tria

Sw

eden

Bel

gium

Icel

and

Den

mar

k

Fin

land

Nor

way

Tur

key

Sw

itzer

land

Luxe

mbo

urg

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education%

Chart B3.1

The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011

Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)

Ch

ile

Ko

rea

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Jap

an

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Au

stra

lia

Isra

el

Ca

na

da

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Italy

Me

xico

Po

rtu

ga

l

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Po

lan

d

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Sp

ain

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Est

on

ia

Ire

lan

d

Fra

nce

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Ge

rma

ny

Slo

ven

ia

Au

stri

a

Sw

ed

en

Be

lgiu

m

Ice

lan

d

De

nm

ark

Fin

lan

d

No

rwa

y

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

902011 2008 2000%

Chart B3.3 - T

Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities

Public support for tertiary education (2011)

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Slo

veni

a

Den

mar

k

Italy

Chi

le

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Aus

tria

Ger

man

y

Por

tuga

l

New

Zea

land

Bel

gium

Latv

ia

Fin

land

Aus

tral

ia

OE

CD

ave

rage

Net

herla

nds

Irel

and

Hun

gary

Pol

and

Nor

way

Isra

el

Sw

eden

Spa

in

Fra

nce

Sw

itzer

land

Can

ada

Mex

ico

Bra

zil

Tur

key

Kor

ea

Est

onia

Indo

nesi

a

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Arg

entin

a

Japa

n

Icel

and

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Scholarships/ other grants to households Transfers and payments to other private entities

Student loans% of total public expenditure on

tertiary education

Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary ed-ucation (2005)

Public subsidies for education to households and other pri -vate entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on

education, by type of subsidy

Chart B5.3

The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000

Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)

Tur

key

Den

mar

k

Spa

in

Est

onia

Sw

eden

New

Zea

land

Gre

ece

Kor

ea

Japa

n

Can

ada

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Pol

and

Nor

way

Isra

el

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fra

nce

Aus

tral

ia

Fin

land

OE

CD

ave

rage

Por

tuga

l

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Bel

gium

Slo

veni

a

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Hun

gary

Irel

and 0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

400 000

450 000

500 000Private net returns Public net returns

Eq

uiv

ale

nt U

SD

Chart A7.1

Qualification levels have risen markedly…

…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

19

Close to 40% of a cohort now obtain a university degreeAnd almost 60% of today’s school leavers are entering university-level education

AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States

A world of change – higher education

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1995

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1995

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply

United States



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2000

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate

United Kingdom



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2001

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2002

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2003

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2004

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2005

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2006

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2007

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2008

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2009 Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2010

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)


IcelandPoland

UK

Australia

New Zealand



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2011

Expendit

ure

per

stu

dent

at

tert

iary

level

(US

D)


US

P

More people benefit from education than ever before

25-34 and 55-64 year-olds, and percentage-point difference between these two groups

Isra

el

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ge

rma

ny

Bra

zil

Est

on

ia

Au

stri

a

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Fin

lan

d

Ch

ile

Tu

rke

y

Ita

ly

De

nm

ark

Me

xico

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Ca

na

da

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Ice

lan

d

Au

stra

lia

Gre

ece

Sw

ed

en

EU

21

Ave

rag

e

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

No

rwa

y

Hu

ng

ary

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

La

tvia

Po

rtu

ga

l

Be

lgiu

m

Slo

ven

ia

Sp

ain

Fra

nce

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Ire

lan

d

Jap

an

Po

lan

d

Ko

rea

- 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Difference between the 25-34 and 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (right axis)Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)

%

Chart A1.3

Percentage points

Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter university programmes

Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)

Au

stra

liaL

atv

iaIc

ela

nd

Po

lan

dN

ew

Ze

ala

nd

No

rwa

yS

love

nia

De

nm

ark

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Ko

rea

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Fin

lan

dN

eth

erl

an

ds

Po

rtu

ga

lS

lova

k R

ep

ub

licS

we

de

nIs

rae

lC

zech

Re

pu

blic

Arg

en

tina

Sa

ud

i Ara

bia

OE

CD

ave

rag

eE

U2

1 a

vera

ge

Ire

lan

dH

un

ga

ryG

erm

an

yA

ust

ria

Sp

ain

Jap

an

Ch

ileIta

lyS

witz

erl

an

dE

sto

nia

Fra

nce

Tu

rke

yG

ree

ceM

exi

coB

elg

ium

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Ind

on

esi

aC

hin

a

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

All students Excluding international students

Chart C3.1

%

Women are more likely than men to earn a university degree, but less likely a doctorate

Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio()

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree

Chart A3_Gender

Women are under-represented in some fields of education

Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)P

ola

nd

Est

on

ia

Ice

lan

d

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Slo

ven

ia

Bra

zil

Sw

ed

en

Hu

ng

ary

Italy

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Arg

en

tina

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Fin

lan

d

No

rwa

y

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ca

na

da

De

nm

ark

Isra

el

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Au

stra

lia

Sp

ain

Ire

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Ch

ile

Fra

nce

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Au

stri

a

Be

lgiu

m

Ge

rma

ny

Me

xico

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Tu

rke

y

Ko

rea

Jap

an

0

20

40

60

80

100

Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields

Chart A.3 - Field

Qualification levels have risen markedly…

…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills

40

Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries

Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)Ja

pan

Net

herla

nds

Fin

land

Sw

eden

Aus

tral

ia

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fla

nder

s (B

elgi

um)

Nor

way

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Ave

rage

Pol

and

Aus

tria

Eng

land

/N. I

rela

nd (

UK

)

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Den

mar

k

Irel

and

Kor

ea

Can

ada

Est

onia

Spa

in

Italy

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education

Chart A1.4

The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries

Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)

Japa

n

Fin

land

Net

herla

nds

Sw

eden

Aus

tral

ia

Nor

way

Fla

nder

s (B

elgi

um)

Eng

land

/N. I

rela

nd (

UK

)

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Ave

rage

Pol

and

Can

ada

Aus

tria

Ger

man

y

Irel

and

Fra

nce

Den

mar

k

Est

onia

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Kor

ea

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Spa

in

Italy

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary education%

Chart A1.5

The rising tide has not lifted all boats…

…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down

43

Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents

Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents

Cze

ch R

ep

u...

Ge

rma

ny

Au

stri

a

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Slo

vak

Re

pu

...

Italy

No

rwa

y

De

nm

ark

En

gla

nd

/N. I

...

Sp

ain

Ave

rag

e

Au

stra

lia

Jap

an

Sw

ed

en

Est

on

ia

Ca

na

da

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Po

lan

d

Ire

lan

d

Fra

nce

Fla

nd

ers

(B

e...

Fin

lan

d

Ko

rea

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

...

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Downward mobility Upward mobility%

Chart A4.3 - Mob

In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to slow down in the younger generations

Proportion of upward mobility across age groups

55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Average France Germany ItalySpain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)

Age groups

Up

wa

rd M

ob

ility

Graph Mobility A4

Equitable access to tertiary education and educational mobility are not the same thing

Relationship between the share of upward mobility among 25-34 year-olds and the likelihood of participating in tertiary education (values in reverse order)

012345678910 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Australia

Austria

CanadaDenmark

Estonia

FinlandFrance

Germany

IrelandItaly

Japan

Korea

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Spain

SwedenUS

FlandersEngland/N. IrelandAverage

Odds ratio

Upward mobility

less equitable accesslow educational mobility

less equitable accesshigh educational mobility

more equitable accesshigh educational mobility

more equitable accesslow educational mobility

Mobility Odds A4

Those who need lifelong learning most get the least of it

Adult participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by employment status (2012)

Fin

lan

d

De

nm

ark

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Sw

ed

en

No

rwa

y

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ca

na

da

En

gla

nd

/N. I

rela

nd

(U

K)

Au

stra

lia

Ire

lan

d

Est

on

ia

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Ave

rag

e

Ge

rma

ny

Ko

rea

Fla

nd

ers

(B

elg

ium

)

Au

stri

a

Sp

ain

Jap

an

Po

lan

d

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Fra

nce

Italy

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%

Chart C6.3

In 2012, 15% of 15-29 year-olds in OECD countries were neither employed nor in education or training, on average

NEET population among 15-29 year-olds (2012) and change between 2011 and 2012

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Lu

xem

bo

urg

No

rwa

y

Ice

lan

d

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Sw

ed

en

Au

stri

a

Ge

rma

ny

Slo

ven

ia

Au

stra

lia

Fin

lan

d

De

nm

ark

Ca

na

da

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Gre

ece

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Be

lgiu

m

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Isra

el

Est

on

ia

Po

lan

d

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Fra

nce

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ko

rea

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Hu

ng

ary

Bra

zil

Ire

lan

d

Me

xico

Ch

ile

Italy

Sp

ain

Tu

rke

y

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

%

Chart C5.1

Education is internationalising rapidily…

…but not all countries benefit equally from that development.

49

In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1

Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

Worldwide OECD G20 countries EuropeNorth America Oceania

Million students

In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)

United States¹ 16%

United Kingdom¹ 13%

Germany 6%

France 6%Australia¹,³ 6%Canada² 5%

Russian Federation 4%

Japan 3%

Spain 2%China 2%Italy 2%

Austria 2%New Zealand 2%

South Africa 2%Switzerland 1%Netherlands 1%

Korea 1%Belgium 1%

Other OECD countries 8%

Other non-OECD countries 17%

Chart C4.2

New players are emerging in the international education market

Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination

Uni

ted

Sta

te

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Ger

man

y

Fra

nce

Aus

tral

ia

Can

ada

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Japa

n

Spa

in

Chi

na

Italy

Aus

tria

New

Zea

land

Sou

th A

fric

a

Sw

itzer

land

Net

herla

nds

Kor

ea

Bel

gium

Oth

er O

EC

D

Oth

er G

0 an

d no

n-O

EC

D

0

5

10

15

20

25

20002012

Market share (%)

OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries

20002012

Chart C4.3

More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)

Asia 53%

Europe 23%

Africa 12%

Latin America and the Caribbean 6%

North America 3%Oceania 1%

Not specified 3%

Chart C4.5

Rising benefits for those who are well educated…

…growing costs for those who are not.

54

The employment benefit of tertiary education is significant, but varies across countries

Employment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2012)

Icel

and

Nor

way

Sw

itzer

land

Sw

eden

Ger

man

y

Net

herla

nds

Aus

tria

Den

mar

k

Latv

ia

Bra

zil

Slo

veni

a

Isra

el

Luxe

mbo

urg

Pol

and

Bel

gium

Aus

tral

ia

Fra

nce

Fin

land

Chi

le

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

New

Zea

land

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

OE

CD

ave

rage

EU

21

aver

age

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Est

onia

Por

tuga

l

Can

ada

Mex

ico

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Irel

and

Japa

n

Hun

gary

Italy

Spa

in

Kor

ea

Tur

key

Gre

ece

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education%

Chart A5.1

Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 75% more than those with only upper secondary education

Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment and gender (2012); upper secondary education = 100

Hu

ng

ary

Gre

ece

Slo

ven

ia

Tu

rke

y

Ire

lan

d

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Au

stri

a

Po

lan

d

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Fra

nce

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Ge

rma

ny

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Lu

xem

bo

urg

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Po

rtu

ga

l

Isra

el

Fin

lan

d

Ca

na

da

Italy

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Sp

ain

Ko

rea

Au

stra

lia

Jap

an

Sw

ed

en

De

nm

ark

Be

lgiu

m

Est

on

ia

No

rwa

y

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Men Women

Tertiary-type A or advanced research pro-grammes

Index

Chart A6.1 - T

Adults with below upper secondary education will earn around 22% less than those with upper secondary education

Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment and gender (2012); upper secondary education = 100

Be

lgiu

m

Fin

lan

d

Est

on

ia

Fra

nce

Ge

rma

ny

Ca

na

da

Po

lan

d

Au

stra

lia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Sw

ed

en

Gre

ece

Hu

ng

ary

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Ire

lan

d

Sp

ain

Slo

ven

ia

De

nm

ark

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

No

rwa

y

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Italy

Ko

rea

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Jap

an

Au

stri

a

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Po

rtu

ga

l

Tu

rke

y

Isra

el

Ch

ile

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Bra

zil

- 60

- 50

- 40

- 30

- 20

- 10

0

Men Women

Below upper secondary education

Index

Chart A6.1 - B

…and its about more than money.

58

Education and skills both contribute to better social outcomes

Proportion of adults reporting that they are in good health


Upper sec-ondary or post-sec-

ondary non-tertiary educa-

tion

Tertiary ed-ucation

All 50

60

70

80

90

100Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5

Chart A8.1 - H

%


Upper sec-ondary or post-sec-

ondary non-tertiary educa-

tion

Tertiary ed-ucation

All 10

20

30

40

50

60Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5%


Upper sec-ondary or post-

secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary educa-tion

All 5

10

15

20

25

30Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5

%


Upper sec-ondary or post-

secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary educa-tion

All 5

10

15

20

25

30 Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5%

Proportion of adults reporting that they believe they have a say in government

Proportion of adults reporting that they volunteer at least once a month

Proportion of adults reporting that they can trust others

60

60 Thank you

Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014– The publication– The methodologies– The complete database

Email: [email protected]: SchleicherEDU

and remember:Without data, you are just another person with an opinion

Some 80% of current expenditure goes to compensating education staff

Distribution of current expenditure by educational institutions for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)M

exic

o

Arg

entin

a

Por

tuga

l

Col

ombi

a

Bel

gium

Tur

key

Japa

n

Luxe

mbo

urg

Isra

el

Sw

itzer

land

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Net

herla

nds

Spa

in

Irel

and

Italy

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Fra

nce

Nor

way

OE

CD

ave

rage

Slo

veni

a

Can

ada

Bra

zil

Aus

tral

ia

Aus

tria

Icel

and

Latv

ia

EU

21 a

vera

ge

Indo

nesi

a

Hun

gary

Kor

ea

Den

mar

k

Sw

eden

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Fin

land

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Compensation of all staff Other current expenditure

% of current expenditure

Chart B6.1

The proportion of young people who work part time or full time while studying has increased since 2006 Chart C5.4 -

IE

OECD average proportion of 15-29 year-olds employed part time or full time, in education (2006-2011)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

7.43 7.66 8.02 7.69 7.73 7.84 8.17

In education, employed PT

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

5.07 5.34 5.44 5.33 5.12 5.24 5.56

In education, employed FT

%

%

Among those not in education, full-time employment decreased between 2005 and 2011, only partially offset by an increase in part-time employment Chart C5.4 -

NE

OECD average proportion of 15-29 year-olds employed part time or full time, not in education (2006-2011)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

4.82 4.75 4.69 4.88 5.13 5.24 5.49

Not in education, employed PT

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.0034.34 34.86 35.17

32.85 31.33 31.52 30.22

Not in education, employed FT %

%

Prevalence of part-time work among young people differs significantly among countries

Proportion of 15-29 year-olds employed who are employed part time (2012)

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Hu

ng

ary

Est

on

ia

Po

lan

d

Tu

rke

y

Gre

ece

Ko

rea

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Ch

ile

Au

stri

a

Fra

nce

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Ge

rma

ny

EU

21

ave

rag

e

Be

lgiu

m

Slo

ven

ia

Sp

ain

Italy

OE

CD

ave

rag

e

Isra

el

Fin

lan

d

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Sw

ed

en

Ire

lan

d

Me

xico

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

Un

ited

Sta

tes

No

rwa

y

Ca

na

da

Au

stra

lia

Ice

lan

d

Jap

an

De

nm

ark

Ne

the

rla

nd

s 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Chart C5.4 - PT

%

More than 50% of adults participate in formal and/or non-formal education in a given year

Adult participation in formal and/or non-formal education (2012)

Fin

lan

d

De

nm

ark

Sw

ed

en

No

rwa

y

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ca

na

da

En

gla

nd

/N. I

rela

nd

(U

K)

Au

stra

lia

Ge

rma

ny

Est

on

ia

Ave

rag

e

Ire

lan

d

Ko

rea

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Fla

nd

ers

(B

elg

ium

)

Au

stri

a

Sp

ain

Jap

an

Fra

nce

Po

lan

d

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Italy

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

66 66 66 64 6459 58 56 56 53 53 51 51 50 50 49 48 47

4236 35 33

2520

%

Chart C6.1

About 51% of adults participate in formal and/or non-formal education, on average

Participation in formal and/or non-formal education (2012)

Jap

an

Fra

nce

Ko

rea

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Italy

Slo

vak

Re

pu

blic

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tion

Au

stri

a

Ge

rma

ny

Po

lan

d

Fla

nd

ers

(B

elg

ium

)

Est

on

ia

Ave

rag

e

Sp

ain

Sw

ed

en

De

nm

ark

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Ca

na

da

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Ire

lan

d

Fin

lan

d

En

gla

nd

/N. I

rela

nd

(U

K)

No

rwa

y

Au

stra

lia

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Formal education only Both formal and non-formal education Non-formal education only No participation%

Chart C6.6