Upload
autumnpianist
View
381
Download
10
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
Citation preview
DIABETES MELLITUSDefinition, Classification, Risk factors &
Clinical Features
MARYAM JAMILAH BINTI ABDUL HAMID082013100002
IMS BANGALORE
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Definition
• Classification
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
DEFINITION
Metabolic diseases characterized by
hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin
secretion, insulin action, or both
CLASSIFICATION
DIABETES MELLITUS
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Other specific types of diabetes
Gestational diabetes
mellitus (GDM)
TYPE 1 DIABETES
• Also known as Juvenile Onset Diabetes
• Complete or near-total insulin deficiency
• Occurs <14 years old of age
• Underweight patient
• Genetic factor
– Uncommon
– Develop antibodies against β–cells of islet
• Develop ketosis; if untreated
• Insulin secretion
Low/absent due to –cell pathology
(autoimmune disease)
• Sensitive to insulin
Type 1 diabetes (continuation)
• Most common
• >40 years of age
• Normal or overweight
• Genetic factor
– Strongly positive
TYPE 2 DIABETES
• Ketosis with infection (often absent)
• Insulin secretion
Initially normal or but later
β-cells are usually normal but disturbance is
*less active insulin production
*less cellular response to insulin due to
deficiency of GLUT 4 in insulin sensitive cells
*presence of antibodies against insulin
• Insulin resistant
Genetic defects of β cell function characterized by mutation
Genetic defects in insulin actionDisease of exocrine pancreasEndocrinopathiesDrug-or chemical-induced InfectionsUncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetesOther genetic syndromes associated with
diabetes
OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES OF DIABETES
• In pregnancy (glucose intolerance)
• Insulin resistance
– metabolic changes of late pregnancy
• Most women revert to normal glucose
tolerance post-partum but have substantial
risk (30-60%) of developing diabetes mellitus
later in life
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)
RISK FACTORS
Predisposing factors
Hereditary
Age (increasing age)
Obesity
BMI
Adipose tissues in obese people are more resistant to
insulin
Lifestyle
high fat and cholesterol levels
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Hyperglycemia
• Glycosuria
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Dehydration
• Loss of weight
• Poor resistance to
infections due to
protein depletion
REFERENCES
• AK JAIN, Volume II, 3rd edition• Harrison’s Internal Medicine, Volume II, 17th
edition• http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/
suppl_1/s5.full