Selecting Appropriate Data Collection Methods

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 2

‘It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.’

-Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as Sherlock Holmes

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 3

Data Collection Options

Data collection possibilities are wide and varied with any one method of collection not inherently better than any other

Each has pros and cons that must be weighed up in view of a rich and complex context

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 4

The Data Collection Process

All methods of collection require rigorous and systematic design and execution that includes thorough planning well considered development effective piloting weighed modification deliberate implementation and execution appropriate management and analysis

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 5

Surveys

Surveying involves gathering information from individuals using a questionnaire

Surveys can reach a large number of respondents generate standardized, quantifiable, empirical data -

as well as some qualitative data and offer confidentiality / anonymity

Designing survey instruments capable of generating credible data, however, can be difficult

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 6

Survey Types

Surveys can be descriptive or explanatory involve entire populations or samples of

populationscapture a moment or map trendscan be administered in a number of ways

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 7

Survey Construction

Survey construction involvesformulating questions and response

categorieswriting up background information and

instructionworking through organization and lengthdetermining layout and design

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 8

Interviewing

Interviewing involves asking respondents a series of open-ended questions

Interviews can generate both standardized quantifiable data, and more in-depth qualitative data

However, the complexities of people and the complexities of communication can create many opportunities for miscommunication and misinterpretation

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 9

Interview Types

Interviews can range fromformal to informalstructured to unstructuredcan be one on one or involve groups

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 10

Conducting Interviews

When conducting your interviews you will need to question, prompt, and probe in ways that help

you gather rich dataactively listen and make sense of what is

being saidmanage the overall process

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 11

Observation

Observation relies on the researchers’ ability to gather data though their senses - and allows researchers to document actual behaviour rather than responses related to behaviour

However, the observed can act differently when surveilled, and observations can be tainted by a researcher’s worldview

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 12

Observation Types

Observation can range fromnon-participant to participantcandid to covertfrom structured to unstructured

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 13

The Observation Process

The observation process is sometimes treated casually, but is a method that needs to be treated as rigorously as any other

The process should include planning, observing, recording, reflecting, and authenticating

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 14

Unobtrusive Methods

Unobtrusive methods involve researchers and research processes that are removed from the researched

Unobtrusive methods are ‘non-reactive’ and capitalize on existing data

But researchers need to work through data not expressly generated for their proposes that may contain biases

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 15

Unobtrusive Methods

Unobtrusive methods includethe exploration of official data and recordscorporate datapersonal recordsthe mediathe arts social artefacts

O'Leary, Z. (2005) RESEARCHING REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS: A Guide to Methods of Inquiry. London: Sage.

Chapter 6. 16

The ‘Unobtrusive’ Process

In order to gather data by unobtrusive means you need toknow what you are looking forwhere you can find itwhether it can be trustedwhat you can do with it