2. Time and Place Direct Indirect here there this that these
those now then yesterday The previous day today That day tomorrow
The next day thusso ago before 3. Change of Pronouns Direct
Indirect I He / she me Him /herMy/mine His/her myself
Himself/herself Wethey us them our their ourselves themselves You
(singular) He/she/him/her/his/her You (plural) They/them/their
He,she,it He/she/it they they 4. Change of tense Direct Indirect
Simple present Simple past Present continuousPast continuous
Present perfect Past perfect Simple past Past or past perfect
Forsaid 5. Change of tense Direct Indirect - - Forsay,says,will say
No tense change Universal truth 6. statement conjunction Reporting
verb Directindirect that say-say He says,"I ampoor". He saysthat he
ispoor. Will say-will say She will say, "I aminnocent". She will
saythat she isinnocent. Says to-said He says to lalitha,"I havepaid
the bill". He said lalithathat he hadpaid the bill. Said to-told He
said to me,"I amgoing to erodetoday ". He told methat he wasgoing
to erodethat day. Universal truth The teacher said," The sun rises
in the east". The teacher saidthatthe sun rises in the east. 7.
Interrogativeconjunction Reporting verb Directindirect Wh type-
noconjunction Said - asked My friend said," where are you going".
My friend asked where I was going. Said to -asked My father said to
me, " when will you return". My father asked me when I would
return. asked-asked The teacher asked,"Anand why are you late
today" The teacher asked anand why he as late that day. Yes/no
question type If/whether Says to-said He says to lalitha,"I
havepaid the bill". He said lalithathat he hadpaid the bill. Said
to-told He said to me,"I amgoing to erodetoday ". He told methat he
wasgoing to erodethat day. Universal truth The teacher said," The
sun rises in the east". The teacher saidthatthe sun rises in the
east. 8. imperative conjunction Reporting verb Directindirect To
Don't-not to Commands Said ,said to- commanded The captainsaid
tothe soldiers," capture the citytodayitself" The
captaincommandedthe soldiers to capture the citythat dayitself.
Superior to inferior Said,said to-ordered The managersaid tothe
peon," Bring the file" The managerorderedthe peon to bring the
file. Doctor to patient Parents to children Said,said to-
advisedThe doctorsaid tothe patient," Take these tables regularly"
The doctoradvisedthe patient to take those tables regularly.
Teacher to students Said-advised Said to - asked Teacher said, "
study well" Teacher advise to study well. please-requested Please
give me an old shirt", the beggar said to me. The beggar requested
me to give him an old shirt. 9. Exclamatory conjunction Reporting
verb Directindirect that Said,said to -exclaimed What a lovely
climate!",the traveler said. The traveler exclaimed that the
climate was very lovely. Alas! Oh!- exclaimed sorrowfully Alas! I
lost my purse", she said. She exclaimed sorrowfully that she lost
her purse. Hurrah ! - exclaimed joyfully Hurrah! We have won the
match", they said They exclaimed joyfully that they had won the
match. 10.
