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Geert Hofstede
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Titular
www.uvic.cat
Facultat d’Empresa i ComunicacióFacultad de Empresa y ComunicaciónFaculty of Business and Communication
1. 1. 1. 1. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
----ObservationObservationObservationObservation, , , , assumptionsassumptionsassumptionsassumptions andandandand ((((mis)interpretationmis)interpretationmis)interpretationmis)interpretation. . . .
----Culture Culture Culture Culture shockshockshockshock
2. Culture and cultures2. Culture and cultures2. Culture and cultures2. Culture and cultures
---- Meanings of cultureMeanings of cultureMeanings of cultureMeanings of culture
---- AnalysingAnalysingAnalysingAnalysing cultures cultures cultures cultures
---- TheTheTheThe ageageageage ofofofof dichotomiesdichotomiesdichotomiesdichotomies
Culture Culture Culture Culture andandandand BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness
TitularCultural dimensions (G. Cultural dimensions (G. Cultural dimensions (G. Cultural dimensions (G. HofstedeHofstedeHofstedeHofstede))))
224/02/2010
Short-term OrientationLong-term
Orientation
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance
Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
MasculinityFemininity
High Power DistanceLow Power Distance
IndividualismCollectivism
Titular
324/02/2010
A comparison: Greece and the US
Titular
424/02/2010
A comparison: My Fat Big Greek Wedding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS1aFVVOJmg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebaFd53yO40&feature=fvw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDhRoJTUcGk&feature=related (5.50-7.50)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcAL5ljKvqE&feature=related (4.30-5.58)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9SHiEHuums&feature=related (1.10-2.25)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6mAAky_5og&feature=related (2.30- )
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IccrkydVnGY&feature=fvw (0-1)
Titular
524/02/2010
A comparison
Americans- more tolerant towards diversity; no strong links with their tradition.
Greeks—fear of changes, of the “different”. Thus, marrying a non-Greek is perceived as a potential
danger.
Male-centred society. The man is the head and the woman is the neck. Men just want women to get
married and make babies. Costa is the one who gives permission for everything that women want to
do: work, study, marry, etc.
Ian’s parents let him choose his wife. They have a relationship of respect, but not of submission.
The relationship between father and the rest of the family. The father doesn’t ask for advice to the others. He feels responsible for the others. He’s the head of the house.
The family is just made of husband and wife. Even the son (Ian) seems to be apart. They don’t have many things in common
Greek--- family-centred. The family participates in all the events and work in family business.
Marriage--- to perpetuate the family, the traditions, the background...
ProxemicsThe Greeks stand closer than the Americans. Individual space doesn’t almost exist for the Greeks.
KinesicsGreeks: lots of gesturing, no silence, hugging, hitting each other, spitting, shouting, etc.
Americans: rigid, no gesturing.
Titular
624/02/2010
EncounterEncounterEncounterEncounter 1111
SVEN SVENSSON IS A SWEDISH BUSINESSMAN, LIVING IN LISBON. A Few weeks ago he was invited by a Portuguese acquaintance, Antonio, to play tennis at 10 am. Sven turned up at the tennis court on time, already in tennis gear and ready to play.
Antonio arrived half an hour late, in the company of a friend, Carlos, from whom he was buying some land. They had been discussing the purchase that morning and had prolonged the discussion, so Antonio had brought Carlos along in order to finalise the details during the journey. They continued the business while Antonio changed into his tennis clothes, with Sven listening to all they said. At 10.45 they went on court and Antonio continued the discussion with Carlos, while fitting practice balls with Sven.
At this point another acquaintance of Antonio, Pedro, arrived in order to confirm a sailing date with Antonio for the weekend. Antonio asked Sven to excuse him for a moment and walked off court to talk to Pedro. After chatting to Pedro for five minutes, Antonio resumed his conversation with the waiting Carlos and eventually turned back to the waiting Sven to begin playing tennis at 11. When Sven remarked that the court had only been booked from 10 to 11 am, Antonio reassured him that he had phoned in advance to rebook it until 12 noon. No problem.
Comment on the behaviour of the two businessmen. What do you think they felt about each other’s beha viour?
Titular
724/02/2010
EncounterEncounterEncounterEncounter 2222
“Por Regla General”Kathy runs the library attached to a Finnish consulate in Spain. One day a student asks about art schools in Finland. Kathy recommends a directory listing different schools and colleges, and the student spends several hours looking through it and copying down information. When Kathy starts closing the library for the day, the student asks if she can check out the directory, since she won't be able to visit the library again until next week. Kathy says that according to library policy, reference books cannot be checked out. The student won't take no for an answer. She persists and, in the face of Kathy's repeated refusals, grows indignant and finally demands to see Kathy's supervisor. Kathy quietly and calm says, "It's the rule and that's all," and holds the door open. The student leaves, muttering angrily about Finns.
How could Kathy have resolved such an encounter mor e gracefully?
Titular
824/02/2010
Cultural dimensions (F. Cultural dimensions (F. Cultural dimensions (F. Cultural dimensions (F. TrompenaarsTrompenaarsTrompenaarsTrompenaars and Hampdenand Hampdenand Hampdenand Hampden----Turner)Turner)Turner)Turner)
External controlInternal control
Attitudes to the environment
SynchronicSequential
Attitudes to time
AscriptionAchievement
DiffuseSpecific
CommunitarianismIndividualism
ParticularismUniversalism
Relationships with people
Titular
924/02/2010
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness derivativesderivativesderivativesderivatives: : : : UniversalismUniversalismUniversalismUniversalism versus versus versus versus particularismparticularismparticularismparticularism
SwitzerlandCanadaUSSweden….ChinaKoreaVenezuela
Titular
1024/02/2010
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness derivativesderivativesderivativesderivatives: : : : IndividualismIndividualismIndividualismIndividualism versusversusversusversuscommunitarianismcommunitarianismcommunitarianismcommunitarianism
Reward individual performance Stimulate team cooperation
IsraelCanadaUsDenmarkNetherlands…JapanIndiaMexicoEgypt
Titular
1124/02/2010
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness derivativesderivativesderivativesderivatives: : : : SpecificSpecificSpecificSpecific versusversusversusversus diffusediffusediffusediffuse
The colleague argues:You don’t have to paint the house if you don’t feel like it.Heis your boss in the company. Outside the company, he haslittle authority.The subordinate argues :Despite the fact that I don’t feel like it, I will paint the houseanyway. He is my boss and you cannot ignore it outsideyour work either.
SwedenNetherlandsDenmarkUK….VenezuelaKuwaitNigeriaChina
Titular
1224/02/2010
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness derivativesderivativesderivativesderivatives: : : : AchievementAchievementAchievementAchievement versusversusversusversus ascriptionascriptionascriptionascription
What do you do?
Who are you?
• Family• Age• Sex• Education
AustraliaSwedenCanada…CzechRepublicArgentinaEgypt
Titular
1324/02/2010
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness derivativesderivativesderivativesderivatives: : : : SequentialSequentialSequentialSequential versusversusversusversus synchronoussynchronoussynchronoussynchronous
Titular
1424/02/2010
BusinessBusinessBusinessBusiness derivativesderivativesderivativesderivatives: : : : InternalInternalInternalInternal control control control control versusversusversusversus externalexternalexternalexternalcontrolcontrolcontrolcontrol
a. What happens to me is my own doing.b. Sometimes I feel that I do not have enoughcontrol over the direction my life is taking.
Titular
1524/02/2010
The age of dichotomies: solving dilemmas