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COMS 110
WHO IS JASON WRENCH?
1) Where is Jason’s home town?2) What kind of car does he drive?3) How old is he?4) What political party does he belong?
5) What is his favorite movie?6) What were his previous jobs?7) What is his favorite soft drink?8) What is his preferred religious affiliation?
Basic Information:Professor: Dr. Jason S. Wrench
357 Shannon Hall(740) 699-2509(800) 648-3331 ext. 2509http://www.roadspeakers.com/jwrench/courses/110
COURSE GOALS
1) Provide a working framework for understanding and interacting with other cultures in a new and unique way.2) Explain how culture influences our norms, values, and beliefs that affect our relationships with other people
3) Describe the obstacles to competent intercultural communication and the numerous ways that these obstacles can be overcome.4) Provide a greater understanding of research in the field of communication studies through the examination of cultures.
5. Encourage you to gain experience and knowledge about other cultures while, at the same time, learning more about yourself as an “other” through the entire process. This means that interaction with other cultures will be highly encouraged throughout the entire semester.
GeneralApproach toInterculturalCommunicati
on
Two UnitsOf Study
1. Intercultural Communication Theory2. Applying Intercultural Communication to the World Around Us
Course Structure
1) Course Readings
2) Course Workbook
3) Streaming Video/DVD Lecture Organization
4) Personal Data Form
Course Assignment
s
1) 2 Unit Examinations2) Activity Points3) 2 Intercultural Interaction Papers4) Major/Final Project
Syllabus
Required TextbookMartin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2005). Experiencing intercultural communication: An introduction (2nd ed.). Boston, McGraw Hill.
Utilizing the Blackboard Site
UNIT ONE-ONE – Page 5What is Communication?
“Communication occurs when humans manipulate symbols to stimulate meaning in other humans.” -- Infante, Rancer & Womack (1997)
“Interaction that builds connections between people that help them to understand each other and to recognize common interests.” -- Zarefsky (1999)
“The process by which one person stimulates meaning in the mind of another through verbal and nonverbal messages.” -- McCroskey (1998)
Natureof
Communication
1)Symbolic Process- We use symbols/rubrics
2) Social Process- We communicate with
others – not ourselves (No intrapersonal communication)3) Co-Orientation
- Must have a common basis for communication (e.g.
language systems)
4) Individual Interpretation- Each of interprets
words differently5) Shared Meaning
- We communicate through the meanings we share
- Meanings are in People, NOT words
If Relation Between Consists Table Values The Known Continuously Draws To Variation Table A OfCorresponding Set Charted Often Points Curve Show Scattered Vary One
If the known relation between the variables consists of a table of corresponding values, the graph consists only of the corresponding set of charted and scattered points. If the variables are known to vary continuously, one often draws a curve to show the variation.
Last Serny, Flingledobe and Prinbin were in the Nerd-link tapering gloopy caples and cleaming burly gleps. Suddenly, a ditty strezzle boofed into Flingledobe’s treak. Prinbin glaped and glaped. “Oh Flingledobe.” He chiffed. “That ditty strezzle is tunning in your glep.”
4) Individual Interpretation- Each of us interprets
words differently5) Shared Meaning
- We communicate through the meanings we share
- Meanings are in People, NOT words
- Denotative vs. Connotative
6) Occurs in a Contexta. Intrapersonalb. Interpersonalc. Small Groupd. Publice. Mediated
Communication
Controversies
Sender Sends a Message
YES
NO
CommunicationOccurs
YES NO
Receiver Receives a Message
Communication Intent(Burgoon and Ruffneer,
1978)
CommunicationAttributed
CommunicationAttempted
PerceptionOccurs
Source Message Channel Receiver
(Decoding)
Feedback(Encoding)
NOISE
What is Culture?
“Culture is the that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Sir E.B. Tylor (1871)
Kessing (1974) Definition of Culture (page 9 in workbook)
“Learned systems of meaning, communicated by means of natural language and other symbol systems . . . and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality. Through these systems of meaning, groups of people adapt to their environment and structure interpersonal activities . . . . Cultural meaning systems can be treated as a very large diverse pool of knowledge, or partially shared cluster of norms, or as intersubjectively shared, symbolically created realities” – D’Andrade (1984)
A group of people who through a process of learning are able to share perceptions of the world which influences beliefs, values, and norms, which eventually affect behavior. (Wrench, 2000)
Types of Cultures
Anthropological Definitions
Culture is a pattern of thoughts & believes – or behaviors
Psychological Definitions
Hofstede “interactive aggregate of communication characteristics that influence a human group’s response to its environment.”
Collective programming of the mind
Ethnographic Definitions
Pattern of activity with “symbolic significance” to the people enacting.
The Nature of Culture
Identity Meaning Function Who Am I? Cultural beliefs, values, & norms provide anchoring points for life.
Group Inclusion Function
Our need to belong.
(Maslow’s Hierarchy)
Intergroup Boundary Regulation Function
Shapes our in-group and out-group attitudes with people who are culturally dissimilar.
Ecological Adaptation Function Facilitates our adaptation process among self, the cultural community, and the larger environment (ecological milieu/habitat – Native American vs. New Yorker)
Cultural Communication Function
Culture
Culture
Communication
Communication
Characteristics of Cultural
Studies
General vs. Specific
approaches to analysis
Cultural practices and
power
Contexts within culture
a. Economic
b. Socialc. Political
Both the object of study and location of
study
Bridges divisional research
Moral evaluation of culture
Radical line of political action
Intercultural Communication“Symbolic exchange process whereby individuals from two (or more) different cultural communities negotiate shared meanings in an interactive situation.” – Ting Toomey (1999)
Kluckhohn and Strotbeck (1961)
Human Nature
Good Mixed Evil
Nature and Humans
HumansDominate
Harmony NatureDominat
es
Long-term vs. Short-term orientation
Short Term (Western)- Possess truth- Quick results in endeavors
- Social pressure to conform
Long-term vs. Short-term orientation
Long Term (Eastern)- Respects the demands of virtue - Thrift
- Perseverance
Activity Orientation
Doing Growing Being
Time Orientation
Past Present Future
Hofstede (1984)
Power Distance
Distance you are from the Top of the hierarchy to the Bottom
Individualism vs. Collectivism
1) Individual
2) Group (our personal group is what is important) 3) Collective (our people are important – think Borg)
Uncertainty Avoidance Degree to which people feel apprehensive about unknown situations & the extent they will go to avoid them.
Weak: reduce rules, accept dissent, & take risks (Britain, US, Hong Kong) Strong: extensive rules & seek consensus (Japan, Greece, Portugal)
Masculinity/Femininity (NOT SEX) Masculine (Assertiveness): Achievement, ambition, acquisition of material goods
Feminine (Responsiveness): Quality of life, servitude, nurturing, support for less fortunate
Five Core Assumptions
of Intercultural Communicatio
n
1) Intercultural communication involves varying degrees of cultural group membership differences.
2) Intercultural communication involves the simultaneous encoding and decoding of verbal and nonverbal messages in the exchange process.
3) Many intercultural encounters involve well-meaning clashes.
4) Intercultural communication always takes place in a context.
5) Intercultural communication always takes place in embedded systems.
History of Intercultural
Communication Research
Origin of Cultural Studies
Centre for Contemporar
y Cultural Studies (1964)
Richard Hoggart
After WWII Hoggart noticed that the American Pop culture was influencing the working class in Britain.
Hoggart felt that this Americanized pop culture in Britain had warped the “authentic” working class life.
Hoggart founded the Centre for Contemporary Studies at Birmingham University to study this phenomenon.
Raymond Williams
Cultures use “values and morals” to create structures that inhibit the common people.
There is no such things as the “masses.” Language helps us create a group called the “masses” as a way to create in and out-groups.
The exorcise of declaring what is good and what is bad is not an innocent exercise because often it is very biased and hypocritical of minorities.
E. P. ThompsonClass is a historical phenomenon that cannot be understood as a structure or a category. People in the “lower” classes are in those lower classes because of situations that have occurred in history.
Class can be seen as “a social and cultural formation arising from processes which can only be studied as they work themselves out over a considerable historical period.”
Culture must be understood through the experiences of both the winners and the losers.
Stuart Hall Hall believed that cultural researchers needed to bridge the gap between theory and political action.
Hall also strays from Marxist thoughts of the previous three and argues that “society is driven by conflicts based on sex, race, religion, and region, as well as class. Culture shapes people’s sense of identity just as much as economics.”
History of Intercultural
Communication Research
(US)
Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
http://www.state.gov/m/fsi/
Nonverbal Communicati
on
Application of theory
Cross Cultural Training
Diversity Training
Emphasis on International
Settings
Interdisciplinary Focus
Linguists Helped us understand language.
How learning language helps with intercultural communication competence.
Anthropologists
The role culture plays in our lives.The importance of nonverbal communication.The role of researcher’s bias in cultural research.
Psychologists They started researching stereotyping and prejudice.How variables like nationality, ethnicity, personality, and gender influence our intercultural communication.
Now Centered in
Communication Studies
Intercultural Communicatio
n Research
Three Approaches to
Studying Culture and
Communication
Social Scientific Approach
AssumptionsExistence of a describable external reality.Human behavior is predictable.Goal is to Predict, Explain, and Control Human Behavior.Uses Quantitative Methods.
Interpretive Approach
AssumptionsReality is constructed by humans.Human experience is subjective.Human behavior is creative and not easily predicted.
Assumptions cont.The goal is to Understand and describe human behavior (not predict).They use both qualitative and Rhetorical Tools.Find a group or artifact and analyze.
Critical Approach
AssumptionsSubjective reality.Contexts in which communication occurs is of the utmost importance. Historical contexts can be very important.
Assumptions cont.Examine power relations in communication and how they influence cultural communication relationships.The goal is to Understand and change the lives of everyday communicators.
Why study Intercultural
Communication?
The Demographic Imperative
Influence of Immigration
By 2030 half of the US will be minorities.
Each wave of immigrants has shaped our society.
Immigration History First colonists – already 10 million Native Americans were here.
Europeans wiped out 500,000 Native Americans through disease
African American Immigrants
Over 10 million Africans were forcibly brought to the US over a 350 year period.
Relationships with New Immigrants
Always creates tension and conflict.Melting Pot Ideology (and problems).Nativistic Movement (late 19th and early 20th Century)
Immigration and Economic Classes
Immigrants have always filled our lowest class denominators.
Often immigrants fill jobs our own people wouldn’t.
Demographic Diversity Religious DiversityEthnic/Racial DiversityAge DiversitySocioeconomic DiversitySexual DiversityEtc…
Economic ImperativeUnderstanding other cultures, and being able to communicate with them, is good business.
Peace Imperative
With understanding comes compromise, with compromise comes peace.
Self-Awareness Imperative
Study about culture helps us understand ourselves in a clearer light.
Ethical Imperative
We have to think about what are the ethical issues of living in an intercultural world.
Three Initial Problems
with Studying Other
Cultures
Assume Similarity
Assuming people from other cultures are just like people from my culture.
Assume Superiority
Assuming that people from my culture are better than people from another culture.
Ethnocentrismethnos, meaning nation
kentron, meaning center
Originally coined by Sumner (1906)
“is our defensive attitudinal tendency to view the values and norms of our culture as superior to other cultures, and we perceive our cultural ways of living as the most reasonable and proper ways to conduct our lives” (Ting-Toomey, 1999, p. 157).
Fill Out the Generalized
Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale on pages 21-22 in your workbook.
Pause Lecture Here
Interpreting the GENE ScoreScores range from 15-75.People who receive a score over 35 are considered highly ethnocentric.People who receive a score under 30 are considered to have low levels of ethnocentrism.
Positive Aspects of Ethnocentrism
In-group development
Nationalistic pride
Patriotism
Negative Aspects of EthnocentrismVerbal & Physical AggressionAuthoritarianism Dogmatism Narcissism Nationalism
Religious FundamentalismHomonegativitySexismRacismAgeism
Just to name a handful.
Basic Cultural Ethics
Self-Reflexivity
Learn About Others
Be Open To
New Ideas