Chapter 5 Tissues

1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 5

Lecture

PowerPoint

2

2401

Anatomy and Physiology I

Chapter 5

Susan Gossett

[email protected]

Department of Biology

Paris Junior College

mailto:[email protected]

3

Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology Twelfth Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Chapter

5

Tissues


4

5.1: Introduction

• Similar cells with a common function are called

tissues.

• The study of tissues is called histology.

• There are four (4) primary or major tissue types:

1. Epithelial Tissue

2. Connective Tissue

3. Muscle Tissue

4. Nervous Tissue

5

Intercellular Junctions

Tight junctions • Close space between cells

• Located among cells that form

linings

Desmosomes • Form “spot welds” between cells

• Located among outer skin cells

Gap junctions • Tubular channels between cells

• Located in cardiac muscle cells

Tight junction

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Desmosome

Gap junction


6

5.2: Epithelial Tissue

• General characteristics:

• Cover organs and the body

• Line body cavities

• Line hollow organs

• Have a free surface

• Have a basement membrane

• Are avascular

• Cells readily divide

• Cells tightly packed

• Cells often have desmosomes

• Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

• Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

7

Epithelial Tissue

• Simple squamous: • Single layer of flat cells

• Substances pass easily through

• Line air sacs

• Line blood vessels

• Line lymphatic vessels

• Simple cuboidal: • Single layer of cube-shaped cells

• Line kidney tubules

• Cover ovaries

• Line ducts of some glands

(b) (a)

Free surface

of tissue

Simple

squamous

epithelium

Basement

Nucleus

Connective

tissue


b,d: © Ed Reschke

Nucleus

Basement

membrane

Free surface

of tissue

Simple

cuboidal

epithelium

Connective

tissue

Lumen

(a) (b)


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

8

• Simple columnar: • Single layer of elongated cells

• Nuclei usually near the basement

• Membrane at same level

• Sometimes possess cilia

• Sometimes possess microvilli

• Often have goblet cells

• Line uterus, stomach, intestines

• Pseudostratified columnar: • Single layer of elongated cells

• Nuclei at two or more levels

• Appear striated

• Often have cilia

• Often have goblet cells

• Line respiratory passageways

Nucleus

Basement

membrane

Microvilli

(free surface

of tissue)

Connective

tissue

Mucus

Cytoplasm

Goblet cell

(a) (b)


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.

(a) (b)

Cilia

(free surface

of tissue)

Goblet cell

Basement

membrane

Nucleus

Connective

tissue

Cytoplasm


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

Epithelial Tissue

9

• Stratified squamous: • Many cell layers

• Top cells are flat

• Can accumulate keratin

• Outer layer of skin

• Line oral cavity, vagina, and

anal canal

• Stratified cuboidal: • 2-3 layers

• Cube-shaped cells

• Line ducts of mammary glands,

sweat glands, salivary glands, and

the pancreas

Basement

membrane

Layer of

dividing

cells

Connective

tissue

Free surface

of tissue

Squamous

cells

(b) (a)



(a) (b)

Stratified

cuboidal

epithelium

Free surface

of tissue

Lumen

Basement

membrane

Connective

tissue

Nucleus


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.

Epithelial Tissue

10

• Stratified columnar: • Top layer of elongated cells

• Cube-shaped cells in deeper

layers

• Line part of male urethra and

part of pharynx

• Transitional: • Many cell layers

• Cube-shaped and elongated

cells

• Line urinary bladder,

ureters, and part of urethra

(b) (a)

Lumen

Stratified

columnar

epithelium

Connective

tissue

Basement

membrane

Free surface

of tissue



Stretched

transitional

epithelium

Basement

membrane

Underlying

connective tissue

Basement

membrane

Underlying

connective tissue

Unstretched

transitional

epithelium

(b) (a)

(d) (c)

Free surface

of tissue

Free surface

of tissue


b,d: © Ed Reschke

Epithelial Tissue

11

Glandular Epithelium

• Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and

secrete substances

• There are two (2) types:

• Endocrine glands are ductless (key word: hormone)

• Exocrine glands have ducts • Unicellular exocrine gland:

• Composed of one cell

• Goblet cell

• Multicellular exocrine gland:

• Composed of many cells

• Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.

• Simple and compound

12

Structural Types of

Exocrine Glands

Duct

Secretory portion

Tissue surface

Simple tubular Simple branched

tubular

Simple branched

alveolar

Simple coiled

tubular

Compound tubular Compound alveolar


13

Types of Glandular Secretions

• Merocrine Glands • Fluid product

• Salivary glands

• Pancreas gland (?)

• Sweat glands

• Apocrine Glands • Cellular product

• Portions of cells

• Mammary glands

• Ceruminous glands

• Holocrine Glands • Secretory products

• Whole cells

• Sebaceous glands

(a) Merocrine gland (b) Apocrine gland (c) Holocrine gland

Secretion

Pinched off

portion of cell

(secretion) Intact

cell

Disintegrating cell

and its contents

(secretion)

New cell

forming by

mitosis and

cytokinesis


14

5.1 From Science to Technology

Nanotechnology Meets the

Blood-Brain Barrier

15

5.3: Connective Tissues

• General characteristics:

• Most abundant tissue type

• Many functions:

• Bind structures

• Provide support and protection

• Serve as frameworks

• Fill spaces

• Store fat

• Produce blood cells

• Protect against infections

• Help repair tissue damage

• Have a matrix

• Have varying degrees of vascularity

• Have cells that usually divide

16

Connective Tissue

Major Cell Types Present

• Fibroblasts

• Fixed cell

• Most common cell

• Large, star-shaped

• Produce fibers

• Macrophages

• Wandering cell

• Phagocytic

• Important in injury or

infection

• Mast cells

• Fixed cell

• Release heparin

• Release histamine

17

Connective Tissue

Fiber Types Present

• Collagenous fibers

• Thick

• Composed of collagen

• Great tensile strength

• Abundant in dense CT

• Hold structures together

• Tendons, ligaments

• Elastic fibers

• Bundles of microfibrils

embedded in elastin

• Fibers branch

• Elastic

• Vocal cords, air passages

• Reticular fibers

• Very thin collagenous fibers

• Highly branched

• Form supportive networks

18

Connective Tissues

• Connective Tissue Proper:

• Loose connective tissue

• Adipose tissue

• Reticular connective tissue

• Dense connective tissue

• Elastic connective tissue

• Specialized Connective Tissue:

• Cartilage

• Bone

• Blood

19

Connective Tissue Types

• Loose Connective Tissue • Mainly fibroblasts

• Fluid to gel-like matrix

• Collagenous fibers

• Elastic fibers

• Bind skin to structures

• Beneath most epithelia

• Blood vessels nourish

nearby epithelial cells

• Between muscles

• Adipose Tissue • Adipocytes

• Cushions

• Insulates

• Store fats

• Beneath skin

• Behind eyeballs

• Around kidneys and heart

Elastic

fiber

(a) (b)

Collagenous

fiber

Fibroblast

Ground

substance



Fat droplet

(a) (b)

Nucleus

Cell

membrane

Cytsol



20


• Reticular Connective Tissue • Composed of reticular fibers

• Supports internal organ walls

• Walls of liver, spleen,

lymphatic organs

• Dense Connective Tissue • Packed collagenous fibers

• Elastic fibers

• Few fibroblasts

• Bind body parts together

• Tendons, ligaments, dermis

• Poor blood supply

Collagenous

fibers

Fibroblast

White blood

cell

(a) (b)



Fibroblasts

Collagenous

fibers

(a) (b)



21


• Elastic Connective Tissue • Abundant in elastic fibers

• Some collagenous fibers

• Fibroblasts

• Attachments between bones

• Walls of large arteries, airways, heart

• Bone (Osseous Tissue) • Solid matrix

• Supports

• Protects

• Forms blood cells

• Attachment for muscles

• Skeleton

• Osteocytes in lacunae

Elastic fibers

Collagenous

fibers

Fibroblast

(a) (b)



21

Canaliculi

Osteocyte

in lacuna

Central

canal

Lamella

Nucleus

Osteocyte

Cell process in

canaliculus

(a) (b)

Osteon

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display


22


• Cartilage • Rigid matrix

• Chondrocytes in lacunae

• Poor blood supply

• Three (3) types:

• Hyaline Cartilage

• Elastic Cartilage

• Fibrocartilage

• Hyaline cartilage • Most abundant

• Ends of bones

• Nose, respiratory passages

• Embryonic skeleton

• Elastic cartilage • Flexible

• External ear, larynx

• Fibrocartilage • Very tough

• Shock absorber

• Intervertebral discs

• Pads of knee and pelvic girdle

23


Three (3) types of cartilage:

Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Chondrocyte

Nucleus

Extracellular

matrix

(a) (b)

Lacuna



Chondrocyte

Elastic fibers

Nucleus

Extracellular

matrix

(a) (b)

Lacuna



Chondrocyte

Nucleus

Collagenous

fiber

Extracellular

matrix

(a) (b)

Lacuna



24


• Blood • Fluid matrix called plasma

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

• Transports

• Defends

• Involved in clotting

• Throughout body in blood

vessels

• Heart

Red blood

cells

Plasma

(extracellular

matrix of blood)

Platelets

White blood

cell

(a) (b)



25

5.1 Clinical Application

The Body’s Glue:

The Extracellular Matrix

26

5.2 Clinical Application

Abnormalities of Collagen

27

5.4: Types of Membranes

1. Serous Membranes • Line body cavities that

do not open to the

outside

• Reduce friction

• Inner lining of thorax

and abdomen

• Cover organs of thorax

and abdomen

• Secrete serous fluid

2. Mucous Membranes • Line tubes and organs

that open to outside world

• Lining of mouth, nose,

throat, etc.

• Secrete mucus

3. Cutaneous Membranes • Covers body

• Skin

4. Synovial Membranes • Composed entirely of

connective tissue

• Lines joints

• There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes:

28

5.5: Muscle Tissues

• General characteristics: • Muscle cells also called

muscle fibers

• Contractile

• Three (3) types:

• Skeletal muscle

• Smooth muscle

• Cardiac muscle

• Skeletal muscle • Attached to bones

• Striated

• Voluntary

• Smooth muscle • Walls of organs

• Skin

• Walls of blood vessels

• Involuntary

• Non-striated

• Cardiac muscle • Heart wall

• Involuntary

• Striated

• Intercalated discs

29

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Striations

Portion of a

muscle fiber

Nuclei

(a) (b)



Nucleus

Cytoplasm

(a) (b)



Intercalated

disc

Nucleus

Striations

(a) (b)



30

5.6: Nervous Tissue

• Found in brain, spinal cord, and

peripheral nerves

• Functional cells are neurons

• Neuroglial cells support and

bind nervous tissue components

• Sensory reception

• Conduction of nerve impulses

Cell

membrane

Neuroglial

cells

Cytoplasm

Cellular

process

Nucleus

(a) (b)


b: © Ed Reschke.

31

5.2 From Science to Technology

Tissue Engineering: Replacement

Bladders and Hearts

32

Important Points in Chapter 5: Outcomes to be Assessed

5.1: Introduction

Describe a tissue, and explain the intercellular junctions found in tissues.

List the four major tissue types in the body.

5.2: Epithelial Tissues

Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue.

Name the types of epithelium and identify and organ in which each is found.

Explain how glands are classified.

5.3: Connective Tissues

Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.

Compare and contrast the cellular components, structures, fibers, and

extracellular matrix (where applicable) in each type of connective tissue.

33

Important Points in Chapter 5: Outcomes to be Assessed

Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue.

5.4: Types of Membranes

Describe and locate each of the four types of membranes.

5.5: Muscle Tissues

Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue.

5.6: Nervous Tissues

Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue.

34

Quiz 5

Complete Quiz 5 now!

Read Chapter 6.

Education

Chapter 5 Tissues