Chapter 5: Histology

The Study of Tissues•Epithelial•Connective•Muscle•Nerve

Useful Websites

1.http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/colorpage.htm

2.http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.htm

Introductory Questions #1**What are the next 20 terms for the week. Give

the first and 20th term.1) From the Introduction, why was Natalie’s baby

delivered by Caesarean section? Name the six different types of tissues that the surgeon encountered as they cut down to save the baby.

2) Name the four major types of tissues that will be examined in this chapter. From these four types of tissues which one would bone and blood be grouped in?

3) What are some of the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue?

4) How is epithelial tissue anchored?5) What do the following terms mean or indicate:

Simple, Stratified, Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar

Epithelial Tissues

• Simple squamous• Simple cuboidal• Simple columnar• Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)• Stratified squamous• Stratified cuboidal• Stratified Columnar• Transitional Epithleium• Glandular Epithelium: (Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine)

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

• Absorption• Excretion• Protection• Secretion Key terms used to describe and ID epithelial tissues:

-Simple: single layer

-Stratified: multiple layers

-Squamous: thin and flat

-Cuboidal: cube-shaped w/large central nucleus

-Columnar: elongated cells

Characteristics of Epithelium

• Lack blood vessels• Tightly packed• Regenerate frequently • Typical site for developing Cancer Tumors• Forms the lining of internal and external

structures and cavities.• Covers most organs• Attached to a nonliving substance called the:

Basal lamina (basement membrane)Note**The basal lamina is dissolved away when cancer cells grow.

IQ# 2

• Match each type of epithelial lining with its location in the human body.

Thyroid gland A. Simple squamous

Air sacs in the lungs B. Simple cuboidal

Mouth & throat C. Simple columnar

Cornea of the eye

Fallopian Tubes

Lining of the blood vessels (endothelium)

Intestinal tract

Simple Squamous

Simple Squamous

(Pg 136)

-Alveolar lung sacs

-Endothelium of heart & blood vessels

-Bowman’s capsule in the Kidney

Simple Cuboidal (See page 137)

-Forms the lining of the

‘Kidney Tubules’

-Thyroid gland

-Ovaries

-Lines the Ducts of Glands

which include these glands:

-Salivary

-Pancreas

-Liver

Simple Columnar

Simple Columnar (See page 137)

Lines the: -Stomach -Intestinal tract (large and small)

-Gallbladder

Note: notice the nuclei forms a distinct single row

Pseudostratified Columnar

Pseudostratified Columnar: (See page 138)

-Possesses cilia-Forms a single layer of

cells (looks stratified)-Located as the lining for

the:*Trachea*Nasal cavities*Bronchi *Fallopian Tube

Flash Cards

• A total of (20) Flashcards must be made

• 5 cards for each type of epithelial tissue– (2) image cards & (3) location cards

• Example: For Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue there are

Five cards to make: – Simple Squamous & image (powerpoint)– Simple Squamous & image (textbook image or other website)– Simple squamous & locations (x3)

(This tissue lines the air sacs in the Lungs)

(This tissue makes up the Cornea in of the eye)

(This tissue makes up the endothelium of blood vessels)

Flash Card Breakdown

TISSUE TYPE # CARDS

• Simple squamous 5

• Simple cuboidal 5

• Simple columnar 5

• Pseudostratified columnar 5

(ciliated)

TOTAL: 20 Cards

Simple Squamous (5 cards)

Simple Squamous

(Pg 136)

-Alveolar lung sacs

-Endothelium of heart & blood vessels

-Cornea of the eye

Simple Cuboidal (See page 137)6 FLASHCARDS TO MAKE

-Forms the lining of the

-Kidney Tubules’

-Thyroid gland

-Ovaries

-Lines the Ducts of Glands

which include these glands:

-Salivary

-Pancreas

-Liver

Simple Columnar (5 cards to make)

Simple Columnar (See page 137)

Lines the: -Stomach -Intestinal tract (large and small)

-Gallbladder

Note: notice the nuclei forms a distinct single row

Pseudostratified Columnar (6 cards to make)

Pseudostratified Columnar: (See page 138)

-Possesses cilia-Forms a single layer of

cells (looks stratified)-Located as the lining for

the:*Trachea*Nasal cavities*Bronchi *Fallopian Tube

IQ# 21)Match each type of epithelial lining with

its location in the human body.

Thyroid gland A. Simple squamous

Air sacs in the lungs B. Simple cuboidal

Intestinal tract C. Simple columnar

Fallopian Tubes D. Pseudo Strat. Col.

Lining of the blood vessels

(endothelium)

Epithelial Tissues

• Simple squamous• Simple cuboidal• Simple columnar• Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)• Stratified squamous• Stratified cuboidal• Stratified Columnar• Transitional Epithleium• Glandular Epithelium: (Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine)

IQ #31) Matching each type of epithelial lining with its location in the

human body.-Intestinal tract A. Simple squamous-Air sacs in the lungs B. Simple cuboidal-Mouth & throat C. Simple columnar-Male urethra D. Pseudostratified columnar-Tubules of the kidney E. Stratified Squamous-Nasal cavities & Resp. tract F. Stratified cuboidal

(posseses cilia) G. Stratified columnar-Lines the urinary bladder H. Transitional epithelium-Lining of an ovarian follicle

http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/colorpage.htmhttp://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.htm

Stratified Squamous (5 cards)

• Lines the: See page 138– Mouth cavity (cheek cells)– Esophagus– Skin surfaceKeratinization occurs on outer layers of the

skin-prevents water loss-blocks chemicals from entering-inhibits microorganisms from invading

Stratified SquamousKeratinized & Unkeratinized

Stratified Cuboidal (5 cards)

• Stratified Cuboidal: See page 139

• Forms the lining of -Ovarian follicles

-Seminiferous tubules

-Larger ducts of glands such as:

(mammary, salivary, sweat, and pancreatic)

Stratified Cuboidal

Stratified Columnar (5 Cards)

Stratified Columnar: See page 139• Basal layers consist of cube-shaped cells• Found in the:

– Male urethra– Vas deferens– Parts of the pharynx

Stratified Columnar

Transitional Epithelium (4 cards)

• See page 140• Specialized to change in response to increased

tension• Creates a barrier to prevent diffusion backward• Forms the linings of:

– the Urinary bladder– Passageways (Ureter) of the urinary system

Transitional Epithelium

Lab Ex 8

Pgs. • Lung (Alveolar sacs): simple squamous 768, 778,

136

• Intestinal tract (jejunum) simple columnar 702, 137

• Kidney Tubules: simple cuboidal 804, 137

• Bronchi & Trachea: pseudostratified columnar 759, 138

• Bowman’s Capsule: simple squamous & simple cuboidal 804

(Kidney)

Lab Ex 8 (cont’d)

Text pgs.• Human Skin: Stratified Squamous 164-167

• Pancreas: Stratified Cuboidal 517

• Ovarian Follicle: Stratified Cuboidal 870 - 872

• Seminiferous tubules: Stratified Cuboidal 856 - 859 (Testes)

IQ #31) Matching each type of epithelial lining with its location in the

human body.-Intestinal tract A. Simple squamous-Air sacs in the lungs B. Simple cuboidal-Mouth & throat C. Simple columnar-Male urethra D. Pseudostratified columnar-Tubules of the kidney E. Stratified Squamous-Nasal cavities & Resp. tract F. Stratified cuboidal

(posseses cilia) G. Stratified columnar-Lines the urinary bladder H. Transitional epithelium-Lining of an ovarian follicle

http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/colorpage.htmhttp://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.htm

Lab Ex 8 (cont’d)

Text pgs.• Human Skin: Stratified Squamous 164-167

• Pancreas: Stratified Cuboidal 517

• Ovarian Follicle: Stratified Cuboidal 870 - 872

• Seminiferous tubules: Stratified Cuboidal 856 - 859 (Testes)

Epithelial Tissues

• Simple squamous• Simple cuboidal• Simple columnar• Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)• Stratified squamous• Stratified cuboidal• Stratified Columnar• Transitional Epithleium• Glandular Epithelium: (Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine)

Introductory Questions #41) Exocrine glands have six different structural types. Name

them.2) How do Merocrine glands, Apocrine glands, and Holocrine

glands differ? Where is each gland located?3) How is serous fluid different from mucous?4) A unicellular gland is also called a(n) gland.5) How does connective tissue differ from epithelial tissue?6) What are the major types of cells that comprise connective

tissue?

7) Matching:• Mammary A. Apocrine• Sebaceous gland B. Merocrine• Ceruminous C. Holocrine• Pancreatic glands• Salivary glands• Composed of Serous or mucous cells

Glandular Epitheliumhttp://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/large/atlas/search.htm

• Cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids.

• 2 types: Exocrine and Endocrine• Characterized by what they release and what

they release it into.• Endocrine Glands: secretes into blood or tissue

– Ex. Hormones (Ch. 13)

• Six structural types of exocrine glands (pg 141)• Simple exocrine glands: four types• Compound exocrine glands: two types

Exocrine Glands

• Characterized by:

-Structure (six types)

-composition of their secretions (3 types)

Six Types of Glandular Epithelium (Pg. 141)

• Simple

• Tubular

• Compound

• Branched

• Alveolar (sac like dilations)

**See table 5.3 for a summary of the locations for each of these types of exocrine glands.

Exocrine glands Classified according to what it Releases

• Merocrine: FLUID is released – Most glands are in this group– Serous cells = prod. a watery secretion w/enzymes– Mucous cells = prod. Thicker secretion rich in glycoprotein

(Salivary, Pancreatic, and sweat glands)

• Apocrine: Small portions of the cell are released– Mammary glands, Ceruminous, and some sweat glands

• Holocrine: ENTIRE CELLS are released (fig. 5.12)- (Sebaceous Glands: oil in the skin)

Introductory Questions #41) Exocrine glands have six different structural types. Name

them.2) How do Merocrine glands, Apocrine glands, and Holocrine

glands differ? Where is each gland located?3) How is serous fluid different from mucous?4) A unicellular gland is also called a(n) gland.5) How does connective tissue differ from epithelial tissue?6) What are the major types of cells that comprise connective

tissue?

7) Matching:• Mammary A. Apocrine• Sebaceous gland B. Merocrine• Ceruminous C. Holocrine• Pancreatic glands• Salivary glands• Composed of Serous or mucous cells

Introductory Questions #5**What are the next 20 terms for the week. Give the

first and 20th term.1) Resident cells include and while

a wandering cell would be .2) Heparin and histamine are both released by .3) Name the three types of connective tissue fibers that are

produced by fibroblasts. How do these three fibers differ?4) How is dense connective tissue different from loose

connective tissue?5) From the collagen disorders listed on Pg. 145, which

disorder can cause deafness and bones to easily break?6) Name the three types of cartilage found in the body. How

are these different from each other and where do we find them.

7) What makes bone so rigid? What are the concentric circles called seen within bone tissue?

Connective Tissue

• Characteristics:

-Good blood supply

-Cells spaced farther apart

-Occurs throughout the body (most mass)• Functions:

-Bind -Fill spaces

-Support -Store fat

-Protect -Prod. Blood cells

Cell types of Connective Tissue

• Resident Cells: present in stable numbers

Ex. Fibroblasts & Mast cells

• Wandering Cells: appears temporarily Ex. Macrophage & Leukocytes (WBC’s)

List of Cell Types

• Fibroblasts Produces 3 types of Fibers• Mast Cells Inflammation & Prev. clotting• Macrophages Phagocytic Cells• Adipocytes Fat• Chondrocytes Cartilage• Osteocytes Bone• Erythrocytes & Leukocytes: Blood

Mast Cells (pg. 153)• Resident cells

• Relatively large

• Located near blood vessels

• Release heparin and histamine

• Important to reactions associated with inflammation

• Prevents blood clots (heparin)

Mast Cells

Macrophages

Fibroblasts• Star-shaped cell

• Secretes protein to produce fibers

• 3 Types of protein fibers produced by fibroblasts:– Collagenous: thick, slightly elastic– Elastic: Microfibrils w/ elastin protein– Reticular: very thin fibers, highly branched

Strength:

collagenous elastic reticular

Fibroblasts

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

• Composed of:– Closely packed thick collagen fibers– Fine network of elastic fibers– Few cells (fibroblasts)

• Withstands pulling forces observed in:– Tendons & Ligaments

• Poor Blood supply (Healing is difficult)

• Also found in dermis and inner skin layers

Collagenous Fibers

• Collagenous:

-Very strong, great tensile strength

-long, parallel bundles

-holds bones together

Ex. ligaments & tendons

Many = Dense Connective Tissue (White)

Sparse = Loose Connective Tissue

Collagenous Fibers

Elastic Fibers (Pg. 155)• Composed of:

– mostly yellow, parallel strands– Fibroblasts– Collagen fibers

• Protein involved is called “elastin”• Stretches and resumes back to original length• Common in areas of frequent stretching• Found in:

– Vocal cords– Walls of hollow organs, airways– Between vertebrae – Walls of heart and larger arteries (Aorta)

Elastic Fibers & Mast Cells

Reticular Connective Tissue (pg. 155)

• Composed of:– Thin collagenous fibers

• Supports the walls of organs

• Organs include: – Spleen– Liver– Lymphatic organs

Reticular Connective Tissue

Reticular Connective Tissue (pg. 155)

• Composed of:– Thin collagenous fibers

• Supports the walls of organs

• Organs include: – Spleen– Liver– Lymphatic organs

Adipocytes (pg. 157)

Chondrocytes (Cartilage producing cells)

Cartilage• Hyaline: -the ends of bones

-the nose-trachea-embryo’s skeleton-between ribs & sternum

• Elastic: -Ears & Larynx • Fibrocartilage: -intervertebral discs

-knees-pelvic girdle

Hyaline & Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Osteocytes

Bone (pgs 159-161)

• Also called: “Osseous tissue”

• Hardness comes from presence of mineral salts: CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2

• Contains a large amount of collagen

• Protects vital structures: brain & spinal cord

• Attachment site for muscles

• Blood cells form in the marrow

• Site for storing nutrients and minerals

Blood Cells (Eosinophil & RBC’s)

Blood (pg. 160 & 161)

• Composed of plasma, cells (RBC & WBC), and cell fragments (platelets)

• Transports gases (CO2) and (O2)

• Forms in (hematopoietic) tissue: bone marrow

• Can be various types: A, B, AB, O

Video #1: Blood the Vital Connection

1. List the FOUR main Components that are found in blood and their function

2. Why is Blood called the “window” of the body?3. A person who studies blood is called a ________.4. What University is Dr. Jeske studying at? Who is her

mentor?5. What seems to be the problem/illness that Jose

Dejesus has? How many American are estimated to have the same condition?

6. What is Lupus? Explain the typical symptoms.7. What kind of treatment was administered to Mr.

Dejesus? 8. What is TTP? Name the critical enzyme missing with

people that suffer from TTP.**Write 5 Key statements along with these Questions.

Flash Cards to Make (see Charts 5.7 on Pg. 152)

• Make (2) image cards & (1) Location Cards for the following Connective Tissues:– Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue– Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue– Reticular connective Tissue– Adipose Tissue– Hyaline Cartilage– Elastic Cartilage– Fibrocartilage– Bone– Blood

• Make (2) image cards & ONE Function Card for each of the following cells:– Fibroblast– Mast Cells– Macrophages**See Chart 5.6 on Pg. 147

= 27 Cards

= 9 Cards

Lab Ex. 9-Connective Tissue

Slides to view:

-Adipose tissue Pg. 147

-Elastic Cartilage Pg. 150

-Hyaline Cartilage pg. 150

-Bone Pg. 151, 190

-Blood Pg. 152, 538-540

Introductory Questions #5**What are the next 20 terms for the week. Give the

first and 20th term.1) Resident cells include and while

a wandering cell would be .2) Heparin and histamine are both released by .3) Name the three types of connective tissue fibers that are

produced by fibroblasts. How do these three fibers differ?4) How is dense connective tissue different from loose

connective tissue?5) From the collagen disorders listed on Pg. 145, which

disorder can cause deafness and bones to easily break?6) Name the three types of cartilage found in the body. How

are these different from each other and where do we find them.

7) What makes bone so rigid? What are the concentric circles called seen within bone tissue?

Collagen Disorders (Pg. 146)• See Chart 5.5• Chondrodysplasia: stunted growth• Dystrophic epidermolysis: skin scars easily• Heredity osteoarthritis: painful joints• Osteogenesis imperfecta: bones break easily

deafness• Stickler syndrome: joint pain

degeneration of retina

Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal Muscle

• Cardiac Muscle

• Smooth Muscle (nonstriated)

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac MuscleTissueLow Mag. High Mag.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue (pgs. 162-164)• Referred to as “muscle fibers”• Contract and relax (shorten & lengthen)• Composed mostly of Actin & Myosin proteins(3) Types: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

Skeletal - attached to bones-controlled by conscience control (voluntary)-Extremely long and thin-have alternating light and dark bands (striations)-can be multinucleated (more than one nucleus)

Muscle Tissue (cont’d)Smooth Muscle

-lacks striations-Involuntary-spindle shaped, shorter than skeletal muscle-Nucleus is centrally located-Found in: hollow internal organs, intestinal wall

urinary bladder, uterus, and the wall of blood vessels

Cardiac Muscle-Found exclusively in the heart-Striated with branches, joined end to end-Specialized intercellular junction: intercalated disks-Involuntary control

Nervous Tissue

Nerve Tissue (pg. 164-165)

• Found in the brain, spinal cord, & peripheral nerves

• Composed of cells called neurons

• Able to receive and transmit impulses

• Can coordinate, regulate, and intergrate many body functions

• Has long cytoplasmic extensions

• More to come………. (ch. 10)

Lab Ex 10 Muscle & Nerve Tissue

• Matching Ex (pg. 81)

• FOUR Images cut & pasted in lab (ppt slides)

• FOUR Drawings & PIX images– Smooth muscle– Cardiac muscle– Skeletal muscle– Nerve tissue (multipolar neurons)

Useful Websites

1.http://www.udel.edu/Biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/colorpage.htm

2.http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epithel.htm

Cornea of the Eye