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The Muslim World Expands

Chapter 2

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Three great Muslim powers –the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.

Main Idea

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What were the causes of the rise and decline of Muslim empires between 1300 to 1700?

Essential Question

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Section 1:

Main Idea & Key Terms

The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combines many cultures and lasts for more than 600 years

Ghazi

Ottoman

Sultan

Timur the Lame

Mehmed II

Suleyman the Lawgiver

Devshirme

janissary

Turks Move into Byzantium

Turkish Warriors

Many Turks live in Anatolia, on the edge of the Byzantine Empire

Many see themselves as ghazis– warriors who fight for Islam

Turks Move into Byzantium

Osman Establishes a State

1300-1326, Osman builds state in Anatolia

Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans

Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons

Successors expand state through alliances and buying land

Turks Move into Byzantium

Osman Establishes a State

Orkhan, his son, declares himself sultan –overlord

In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople

Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples

Turks Move into Byzantium

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion

Ottoman Empire stops expanding because of warrior and conqueror Tamerlane

Timur defeats the Ottomans in 1402 and burns Baghdad

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

Mehmed I Timur leaves the scene and

Mehmed I defeats his bros. for the throne

Murad II

Murad II, Mehmed I’s son, begins expansion

Mehmed II Murad II’s son

Conquerors Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453

Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims

Rebuilds the city

Ottoman Expansion: The Holy Cities

Selim the Grim

Comes to power in 1512

“Effective sultan” and general

Defeated Safavids (Persia), Syria, Palestine, and Northern Africa

Controls Mecca, Medina, and Cairo

Ottoman Expansion: The Holy Cities

Suleyman the Lawgiver/Suleyman the Magnificent

Selim’s son

Rules: 1520-1566

Conquered Belgrade and Rhodes (controlled the Mediterranean)

Controls Northern Africa

1526: Advances into Hungary and Austria

Most powerful monarch

Largest empire in the world

Suleyman the Lawgiver (cont.)

Highly Structured Social Organization

Creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation

Army uses devshirme

Drafts boys from conquered lands

Trains 30,000 elite soliders—janissaries– loyal only to the sultan

Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion

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Cultural Flowering

• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to an increase in the arts, learning

• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman

Suleyman the Lawgiver (cont.)

The Empire Declines Slowly

Gradual Fall

Suleyman kills one son and exiles another

Third son inherits the throne, but rules weakly

DEATH TO KIN becomes a trend

Long line of weak sultans leads to the empire’s eventual fall

The Safavid EmpireSection 2:

Main Idea:The SafavidEmpire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia

Patterns of Cultural Blending

Cultural Blending in Persia

Between 16th-18th

centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia

Safavid Empire –Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries

Patterns of Cultural Blending

Causes of Cultural Blending

Migration

Conquest

Trade

Religion

Patterns of Cultural Blending

Results of Cultural Blending

Changes in…

Language

Religion

Government

Technology

Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage

Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture

Open your books to pg. 79

1. What are the reasons for interaction in the Americas?

2. What are some aspects of cultural diversity?

3. Where on this chart would you insert a row for the Ottoman Empire?

1. Now, with a partner, fill in the information for the Ottoman Empire row

Skill Building: Interpreting the Chart

The Safavids Build an Empire

Safavid Origins

Begins as a religious order named for founder, Safi al-Din

Safavids concentrate on building powerful military

The Safavids Build an Empire

Isma’il Conquers Persia

Fourteen-year-old Isma’ilconquers Iran by 1451

Takes the title of shah –king

Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands the empire

The Safavids Build an Empire

Isma’il “religious tyrant”

Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis of Ottoman Empire

Selim the Grim responds by killing Shi’a in Ottoman Empire

Face-off leads to the border of Iran and Iraq

A Safavid Golden Age

Abbas the Great

Shah Abbas takes throne in 1587

Reforms

Helps create a thriving culture

Military and Gov. reform

Brings in Christian trade

A New Capital

Esfahan – one of the world’s most beautiful cities

A Safavid Golden Age

Art Works

Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles

Carpets

Carpet weaving becomes a national industry

The Dynasty Declines Quickly

The Safavid Empire Weakens

Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons

Safi, Abba’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline

By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans

Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747

{ Class Opening Activity

With a partner, complete the Section 2 Assessment #2-7 on pg. 81

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Main Idea:

The Mughal Empire brought Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire

The Mughal Empire in IndiaSection 3:

Main Idea:

• Mughal

• Babur

• Akbar

• Sikh

• Shah Jahan

• Taj Mahal

• Aurangzeb

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Mughals, or Mongols, where the muslimwarriors who invaded northwest India.

They will rule much of India from 16th -19th c.

What is a Mughal?

Early History of the Mughals

Background & Conflict

Gupta Empire crumbled in 400s

Begin in 8th c., Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years

Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznidestroys cities, treats Hindus as conquered people, and create a loose empire of Turkish warlords -- Delhi Sultanate

Early History of the Mughals

Delhi Sultanate

33 Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th-16th c

Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398

“for months, not a bird moved in the city”

Early History of the Mughals

Babur Founds an Empire

Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11

Is dethroned and driven south into India

Army conquers much of Northern India, forming Mughal Empire

Son, Humayun, loses most of territory

Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan

Critical Thinking Comprehension Check

What can you infer about the

military balance between

Muslims and Hindus between

700 and 1000?

Do you think the comment on

Delhi’s ruin is truthful?

What enabled Babur to found

the Mughal Empire?