CHAPTER 12

THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

PRE-COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTFAIRFIELD BILL

COMMONWEALTH PEROIDSUPPORTERS VS. CRITIQUES (1935)

COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 1SAKDALISTA UPRISING

SOCIAL JUSTICE PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

LINGUA FRANCAECONOMIC CONDITIONAMERICAN INFLUENCES

GOVERNMENT

PERSPECTIVE

PRE- COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

CLARO M. RECTO One of the four

Democratas elected to the House in 1919.

NACIONALISTAWon 78 out of 82 seats during the

election of members of the House of

Representative held on June 3, 1919.

Economic Condition in 1919 were in bad shape, the price of rice went up and the Manila Railroad also

suffered losses because of the rains

and floods.

MANUEL L. QUEZON

Decided to separate from Sergio Osmena on the issue of personal

leadership.

CLARO M. RECTO

(DEMOCRATAS)

MANUEL ROXAS (COLECTIVISTA)

MARIANO CUENCO (UNIPERSONALISTA

)

CANDIDATESFOR

SPEAKERSHIPIN 1922

MANUEL ROXASWith the support of

Sergio Osmena,

Won.

THEFAIRFIELD

BILL

A compromised measure which provided for a long

transition period and many reservations of power for the

United States.

Main supporters are the American businessmen who have their investments in

the country.

GENERAL McIntyreClaimed to be the

main creator of the bill.

Background:

Parliamentary Mission

1919: First parliamentary mission was sent to U.S. during the administration of Woodrow Wilson, lead by

Manuel Quezon.

April 1922: Second parliamentary mission was

resent on Washington lead by Osmena and Quezon

Gen. Frank McIntyre, the chief of Bureau of Insular Affairs of

War Department directly supervised the country.

August 1922: Second parliamentary mission was returned with no more

assurances from the U.S.

November 1923: New House Speaker of the Philippines, Manuel A. Roxas lead the

special mission to asked for Woods relief the Philippine

Independence.

February 21, 1924: Pres. Calvin Coolidge delivered a reply to the memorial in

serve letter.

FAIRFIELD BILL was introduced on the House Committee on

Insular Affairs on April 1924

THECOMMONWEALT

HPERIOD

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD IS ALL

ABOUT THE CAMPAIGNS FOR PHILIPPINE

INDEPENDENCE AND EDUCATING

FILIPINOS.

INDEPENDENCEMISSION

DEVELOPMENTS

o OsRox Mission

OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for self-government and US

recognition of the Philippine Independence led by former Senate President and House Speaker, Osmena

and Quezon respectively.

It was also the 9th Independence Mission in a series of missions

lasting from 1919 to 1933.

The mission secured the Hare–Hawes-Cutting Act, which was rejected by the Philippine Legislature and

Manuel Quezon

oHARE-HAWES-CUTTING ACT

BRONSON CUTTING

HARRY HAWES

BUTLER HARE

would establish the Philippine Commonwealth as a transition government for 10 years before receiving independence July 4,1946

reserved military bases from US and let American goods into the country for free

o US passed this bill as a means of granting Philippine Independence

o a product of OsRox mission

o on October 17, 1933 the legislature, through the concurrent resolution rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill

oTYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT

JOSEPH TYDINGS

JOHN MCDUFFIE

SAME AS HARE HAWES CUTTING BILL

IT WAS QUEZON AND QUIRINO WHO WENT TO US CLAMOR FOR THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

APPROVED ON MAY 1, 1934

SUPPORTERSAND

CRITIQUES

JOSE P. LAURELclaimed that the 1935 constitution is invalid for we don't need any other country's approval for our own constitution

but the bill (Tydings-McDuffie) was approved by then president of America

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS TO REMEMBER

THECOMMONWEALT

HACT. 1

the National Defence Act

requiring all 21 year old able-bodied male citizen to render 5 and ½ months of military service through regular military force or through reserve force

THESAKDALISTA

UPRISING

in May 1935, approximately 65,000 Filipino peasants headed by Benigno Ramos surrounded Manila to dramatize their demand for:

genuine agrarian reform

abolition of unfair taxes

government policy against land grabbing; and

total independence from Americans

BENIGNO RAMOS

SOCIALJUSTICE

PROGRAM

MANUEL L. QUEZON

Father Of Social Justice

Minimum Wage LawEight Hour Labor LawTenant ActCourt Of Industrial RelationsHomestead Law

EDUCATION PERSPECTIV

E

THEDEPARTMENT

OF EDUCATION

FREE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION TO ALL FILIPINO CHILDREN

RAFAEL PALMA

appointed as Chairman of National Council of Education in 1936

THELINGUAFRANCA

COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 570- DECLARING TAGALOG AS THE

BASIS OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE

SERGIO OSMENA

Head of the Department Of Education, the first time a Filipino assumed this position

ECONOMIC PERSPECTIV

E

PHILIPPINE’SECONOMIC CONDITION

MOST IMPORT

ANT SECTOR

AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTS

SOURCE OF

EMPLOYMENT

SOURCES OF NATIONAL

INCOME

INCOME FROM

EXPORTS

MAJOR IMPORT

AND EXPORT PARTNE

R

AGRICULTURE

RICECOCONUTSUGARABACATOBACCO

65 % OF THE

LABOR FORCE

40% OF THE NATIONAL INCOME

75% FROM THE VALUE OF EXPORTS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 has its natural consequences in the Philippine economy where the practically free and limited only by congressionally set quotas and a fairly small processing tax which was returned to the Philippine government

after the Second World War, 25% of the American tariffs will be implemented by force in every Philippine product entering the united states of America; during the 10 year transition period from 1935-1946 there was no reciprocal limits on us products entering the Philippines

IN SUMMARY:

THEAMERICAN

INFLUENCES

COLONIAL MENTALITY (ECONOMICALLY DEPENDENT ON AMERICAN PRODUCTS)

PARTIAL LOSS OF FILIPINO CULTURE

BAD:

5SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION

HIGHER EDUCATION

CO-EDUCATION

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ADVANCE SYSTEM ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION

IMPROVEMENTS IN COUNTRY TRADING SYSTEM

DEMOCRACY: CHANCE TO PARTICIPATE IN

GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS

POLITICAL PARTIED WERE FORMED

EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN

GOOD:

END OF CHAPTER 12:

THE COMMONWEAL

TH GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 13

THE PHILIPPINES UNDER

THE JAPANESE PUPPET

GOEVERNMENT

REAL 1930CORREGIDOR

WAR IN PACIFICCHRISTMAS 1941

MILITARY ORDER NO. 2LAST ATTEMPT TO DEFEND

COLLABORATIONISTSECONOMIC CONDITIONS

SOCILA CONDITIONNEXT TO WARSAW POLAND

RECONQUERING MANILA

THEREAL

1930’S

JAPANESE MAIN

OBJECTIVES:

to prevent use of Philippines as an advance American military base.

to acquire staging areas and supply basses to enhance operations

to secure communication lines from Japanese home land

CORREGIDOR DURING

SPANISH PERIOD

tadpole shaped defensive fort of the three square miles of island at the mouth of manila bay

three supporting islands:• Caballa• Carabao• El Fraile

WARIN THEPACIFIC

July 26, 1941- USAFEE (United States Army Forces In The Far East) was founded

December 8, 1941- received some news

1.Japanese carrier forces strikes Pearl Harbor

2.Thailand surrendered to Japanese troops

3.Battle of the Philippines begins: Japanese bombers blast Clark Field, 60 miles north of Manila

1.

2.

3.

December 9, 1941

1. Malaya invaded and Guam captured

2. Japanese make initial landings in the Philippines (striking the beaches of Vigan, Ilocos Sur, and Aparri on the north)

1.

2.

DECEMBER 22, 1941

JAPANESE ADVANCING FORCES MADE THIER MAJOR LANDINGS AT ILINGAYEN, PANGASINAN

THECHRISTMAS

1941

Christmas time, Manila, the capital, had been declared an open city and the withdrawal of the Fil-American forces to Bataan was under way. The long night of the Japanese occupation had begun.

The Filipino observed Christmas under black-out conditions: the enemy was no respecter of open cities and the advent of Christmas did not interrupt his bombing schedules.

MILITARYORDERNO. 1

February 17, 1942

promoting the Filipino culture, spiritual enrichment among the Filipino families, propagation of Japanese Language - Niponggo and the implementation of greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere

public school were reopened June 1942

LAST ATTEMPTTO

DEFEND

April 9, 1942

General Edward King, Commander of Allied Forces In Bataan, composed of 78,000 soldiers, surrendered

April 10, 1942

Death March, soldiers walked from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga

May 6, 1942

Corregidor fell to the advancing Japanese troops

THECOLLABO-RATIONIST

1ST GROUP

Top leadership who collaborate with the Japanese invaders.

2ND GROUP

Guerrilla leaders and their followers who supported their resistance on the return of the Americans.

THEECONOMIC

CONDITIONS

•Mickey Mouse Money – currency used during Japanese era

•malnutrition was rampant

•Kangkong became a common food to fight hunger

THESOCIAL

CONDITION

•People lived with fear from Japanese authorities.

•Many people died of starvation.

•Comfort Women increased.

NEXTTO

WARSAW, POLAND

Warsaw, Poland was the most devastated capital city of the Second World War. Manila, Philippines came in second. Our own capital city was flattered by carpet bombing during the Battle of Manila. It was General Douglas McArthur who Actually called Manila “the most devastated city in the world, next to Warsaw,” when he saw the city after the long battle. It feels sad thinking about the heritage Manila lost, particularly the gem that was the walled city of Intramuros.

THERECONQUERING

MANILA

Feb. 3, 1945- American soldiers together with their Filipino comrade were within 15 miles of Manila

Aug. 6, 1945- Hiroshima was bombed

Aug. 9, 1945- Nagasaki was bombed

Sept. 2, 1945- Emperor Hirohito of Japan had accepted the unconditional surrender offered by the Allied Forces and war in the Asia Pacific was over

END OF CHAPTER 13:

THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE JAPANESE PUPPET

GOVERNMENT

NOCULAN, NIA NOELLECAJELIG, REX

TABELL, PATRICK LAWRENCEGANOT, JUDY LYN

VIERNES, JOHN FRANZ KHYLEDIAZ, TRISHA MAE

GONDONG, PATRECIA

UNIVERSITYOF

BEAUTY AND BRAINS