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Here’s what a “cell” is!Here’s what a “cell” is!
CellCell - the smallest unit of an - the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the organism that carries on the functionsfunctions of life of life
A cell can perform all the A cell can perform all the processesprocesses of of lifelife..
•Many Sizes:
•nerve cells - up to a meter long
•human egg cell - dot of an i
•bacteria - 80,000 could fit in the dot of an i
•Different shapes:
•Related to their function (job)
•Cell types:
•Prokaryotic cell –
very simple; no membrane-bound structures
(ex: bacteria)
•Eukaryotic cell –
more advanced; has membrane- bound structures
(ex: animal cells, plant cells)
Early Cell ScientistsEarly Cell ScientistsRobert HookeRobert Hooke (1665) (1665)
An English scientist who An English scientist who looked at slices of looked at slices of corkcork under a crude compound under a crude compound microscope and saw “a microscope and saw “a great many great many little boxeslittle boxes” ” that he called “cells.” that he called “cells.” First person to see cells. First person to see cells.
““Cell” comes from the Cell” comes from the Latin word for Latin word for ““little roomlittle room.”.”
Early Cell ScientistsEarly Cell Scientists
Anton van LeeuwenhoekAnton van Leeuwenhoek (1673)(1673)
A Dutch shopkeeper who A Dutch shopkeeper who looked at pond water using a looked at pond water using a simple microscopesimple microscope and saw and saw what he called “what he called “animalculesanimalcules.”.”
Today, we call them single-Today, we call them single-celled celled organismsorganisms..
An Early Simple Microscope
Early Cell ScientistsEarly Cell Scientists
Matthias SchleidenMatthias Schleiden (1838) (1838) A German botanist who discovered A German botanist who discovered
that all plants are made up of that all plants are made up of similar similar unitsunits, or cells., or cells.
Early Cell ScientistsEarly Cell Scientists
Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann (around 1830)(around 1830)
A German scientist who stated that all A German scientist who stated that all plants plants andand animals are made up of animals are made up of building blocksbuilding blocks, or cells., or cells.
He also observed that there are He also observed that there are similaritiessimilarities and and differencesdifferences between between plant and animal cells.plant and animal cells.
Early Cell ScientistsEarly Cell Scientists
Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow (1858) (1858) This German physician also This German physician also
reported that every living thing is reported that every living thing is made of up vital units, known as made of up vital units, known as cellscells. He also predicted that . He also predicted that cellscells come from othercome from other cellscells..
Cell TheoryCell Theory
1. All living things are made up of 1. All living things are made up of one one or more cellsor more cells..
2. Cells are the 2. Cells are the basic unitbasic unit of of structurestructure and and functionfunction in living things. in living things.
3. All cells come only from 3. All cells come only from other livingother living cells.cells.
Cell StructureCell StructureAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Cell StructureCell Structure
A cell is like a A cell is like a small townsmall town::Different parts have different and Different parts have different and specialized specialized jobsjobs..
Plant cells and animal cells have Plant cells and animal cells have
many many similarsimilar structures, but have structures, but have
several important several important differencesdifferences..
Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Structure:
•Outer boundary of the cell
•Phospholipid bilayer membrane
•Selectively permeable
Cell MembraneCell MembraneFunction (job):
•Protects inside
•Supports/gives shape
•Controls what enters/leaves - “gatekeeper”
•Helps maintain homeostasis (ability to keep a stable environment)
Cell WallCell Wall
Structure:
•ONLY IN PLANTS
•Made of cellulose
•Strong & rigid
•Dead layer
Cell WallCell WallFunction (job):
•Protects/supports
•Gives shape
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Structure:
•Jelly-like substance
•80% water
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Function (job):
•Organelles float in cytoplasm
•Materials for growth are found in cytoplasm
•Expels waste through cell membrane
NucleusNucleus
Structure:
•Surrounded by nuclear membrane
•Usually round/oval
•Near center
NucleusNucleus
Function (job):
•Control center of cell
•Controls cell activities
•Contains chromosomes
MitochondriaMitochondria
Structure:
•Has an outer membrane and an inner folded membrane
•Rod shaped
MitochondriaMitochondria
Function (job):
•Cellular respiration
•Turns food into useable energy (ATP)
RibosomesRibosomes
Structure:
•Tiny, round, dark
•Can be free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
RibosomesRibosomes
Function (job):
•Protein factories
•Assembles proteins used in growth, repair and control
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Structure:
•Network of tubes and canals
•Smooth ER - no ribosomes attached
•Rough ER - ribosomes are attached
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Function (job):
•Transports materials “intracellular highway”
Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies
Structure:
•Series of flattened sacs
Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesFunction (job):
•Processes, packages and secretes material
•Materials that are transported by the ER usually stop first at the Golgi bodies where they are stored or altered before moving to other parts of the cell
LysosomesLysosomes
Structure:
•ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS
•Contains powerful digestive chemicals
LysosomesLysosomes
Function (job):
•Contains digestive enzymes (chemicals), breaks things down
•“suicide sac”
VacuolesVacuoles
Structure:
•Fluid-filled sacs that float in the cytoplasm
VacuolesVacuolesFunction (job):
•Stores water and food materials
•Stores waste and helps the cell get rid of waste
•Plant cells contain a large central vacuole - filled with water - helps give shape
ChloroplastChloroplast
Structure:
•ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
•Green, oval-shaped
•Contains green pigment chlorophyll
ChloroplastChloroplast
Function (job):
•Site of photosynthesis
•Traps the sun’s energy to make glucose
How are plant and animal How are plant and animal cells different?cells different?
PLANT CELLS:
Have cell walls,
chloroplasts,
large vacuoles
How are plant and animal How are plant and animal cells different?cells different?
ANIMAL CELLS:
Have lysosomes
How are different cells How are different cells adapted to their functions?adapted to their functions?
Muscle Cells: Have large
quantities of mitochondria for
energy.
Plant Cells: Rigid cell walls allow plants to grow upright.
How are different cells How are different cells adapted to their functions?adapted to their functions?
Red Blood Cells: Thin, flexible discs allow them to squeeze through tiny blood vessels.
Nerve Cells: Have long projections through which
messages are sent throughout the body.
VocabularyVocabulary
PermeablePermeable
DiffusionDiffusion
OsmosisOsmosis
MitosisMitosis
ChromosomeChromosome
CentrioleCentriole
CentromereCentromere
Organization of Living Organization of Living ThingsThings
Five main levels of organizationFive main levels of organization
1.1. CellCell
2.2. TissueTissue
3.3. OrganOrgan
4.4. Organ SystemOrgan System
5.5. OrganismOrganism
TissueTissue
Example: Example: MuscleMuscle Tissues are made of specialized Tissues are made of specialized
cells.cells.
OrganOrgan
Examples: Examples: Heart, Lung, BrainHeart, Lung, Brain Found in both plants and Found in both plants and
animals.animals. Composed of tissue that is Composed of tissue that is
organized into groups that work organized into groups that work together to perform special together to perform special functions.functions.
Organ SystemOrgan System
Example: Example: Circulatory SystemCirculatory System A group of organs that work A group of organs that work
together.together.
10 Organ Systems in complex 10 Organ Systems in complex organismsorganisms
(humans, dogs, birds, etc.)(humans, dogs, birds, etc.)
1.1.CirculatoryCirculatory
2.2.DigestiveDigestive
3.3.NervousNervous
4.4.RespiratoryRespiratory
5.5.SkinSkin
6.6.SkeletalSkeletal
7.7.MuscularMuscular
8.8.ReproductiveReproductive
9.9.ExcretoryExcretory
10.10.EndocrineEndocrine
ORGANISMSORGANISMS
Different Different organ systemsorgan systems work work together to keep the together to keep the organism alive.organism alive.
QUESTION:QUESTION:
Classify the following as a tissue, Classify the following as a tissue, organ, or organ system.organ, or organ system.a. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves a. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves b. Heartb. Heartc. Group of muscle cellsc. Group of muscle cells
QUESTION:QUESTION:
Can a single-celled organism Can a single-celled organism contain tissue? Explain.contain tissue? Explain.
QUESTION:QUESTION:
Give one example of each:Give one example of each:a. Cella. Cell c. Tissuec. Tissueb. Organb. Organ d. Organismd. Organism