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Lab Safety and Equipment
Scientific Method:
1. Observation
2. Research
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5. Experiment
6. Conclusion
Lab Safety Rules
1. Read, understand and follow all safety instructions.
2. Follow directions and only use equipment that you need.
3. Locate safety equipment.
4. Pour acid to water, not water to acid.
5. Use water to wash chemicals off eyes and skin.
6. Keep correct spatula/stopper with the right container.
7. Report accidents, spills, broken glass to teacher.
8. No eating, drinking or directly smelling chemicals.
9. Keep hair and clothing away from fire.
10. Point test tubes away from yourself and others.
Equipment
Match the equipment to its correct description.
1. C
2. D
3. E
4. F
5. H
6. B
7. J/I
8. K
9. L
10. M
11. N
12. A
13. G
Measurement
Accuracy: how close you can get to the
correct (true) value.
Precision: how consistent you can get the
original value, known as repeatability.Measurement SI Unit Tools
Volume Liters(L) Graduate Cylinder
Length Meters (m) Ruler/Meter Stick
Force Newton’s (N) Spring scale
Temperature Celsius (°C) Thermometer
Mass Gram (g) Balance
Chloroplasts
Central
Vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Cell Membrane
Cyotplasm
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
How do things go in and out of the cell?
Diffusion
Molecules move from
areas of high
concentration to an areas
of less concentration.
i.e. from where there are a
lot of them to where there
are none…
Ex. Mom is mopping in
the kitchen and you can
smell it in your room…the
Pine Sol molecules have
diffused across the house!
Osmosis:
Another way a cell maintains homeostasis
Water moving in and out of
cells…
Hyper”skinny”tonic Solution
More water in cell than out
Cell Shrinks
Hypo”hippo” tonic Solution
More water outside cell than in
cell swells and blows up
Isotonic Solution
Equal amounts of water in and
out of cell Cell is Happy
Moving the Big Stuff!!
Large molecules are more difficult to get
passed the “Bouncer AKA cell membrane”
Passive Transport
“easy” no energy
Moving the Big Stuff
Some molecules are still too big!! “Bouncer Needs Some Help”
Active TransportNot so easy
Need Energy ATP!!
Cell Cycle: Cells Have to Reproduce
Organisms must:
Grow
Repair
Reproduce
Eukaryotes…
More complicated!!
Prokaryotes
(Binary Fission…simple!!)
Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids
Genetic Info
Proteins
Structure and Enzymes
Carbohydrates
Source of Energy
Lipids
Storage of Energy
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Double Stranded
Composed of
nucleotides:
Deoxyribose Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Bases
• A-T G- C
Is the “Blueprint for the
building”
RNA
Single Stranded
Composed of
nucleotides
Ribose Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Bases
• A-U, G-C
Is the “Construction
Worker who builds
Proteins”
Replication:
Copying DNADNA Cells Copy DNA before they divide
Occurs in nucleus
A=T, G=C (visa/versa)
Sometimes mistakes occur
Mutations:
Changes in DNA
Transcription:
From DNAmRNA
Uses DNA info to make mRNA
Occurs in Nucleus
No T in mRNA only U
A=U
T=A
G=C
C=G
Mistakes in replication are carried on through transcription!!
Translation: The Finale
mRNA Protein
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Players:
Ribosomes
Amino Acids
mRNA
Protein
Mutations during replication and transcription make wacked out proteins that may not work well!!
Wanna know how to make a protein?
Okay Solve the Puzzle
Find the protein:
-AUG CCA UUA
Met – Pro – Leu
-AUG GGU UCA
Met – Gly – Ser
-AUG ACU UUU
Met – Thr – Phe
Genetics
DNA makes up Genes
There are two parts to every gene called Alleles
Each allele is either:
Dominant: Expressed (Capital Letter T)
Recessive: Not Expressed (lower-case letter t)
If both alleles are dominant then the gene is
Homozygous dominant (TT)
If both alleles are recessive then the gene is
Homozygous recessive (tt)
If one is dominant and the other is recessive then its
Heterozygous (Tt)
Genetics
Genotype
That Gene stuff again ex. TT, Tt, tt
Phenotype
What it looks like Tall, Short…big nose…little
nose
You get the idea!!!
Examples of Monohybrid Crosses
The P generation pea plants consist of TT tall plants and tt- short plants. Tall is dominant over short. Cross a tall plant and a short plant
Genotype Ratio:
4Tt
Phenotype Ratio:
4 Tall Plants
Probabilities:Being Tall: 4 out of 4
Being Short: 0 out of 4
Cross: TT X tt
T T
t
t
T t T t
T t T t
Examples of Monohybrid Crosses
Cross two F1 generation plants Our last cross only
produced one genotype Tt
Genotype Ratio:
1 TT: 2Tt: 1tt
Phenotype Ratio:
3 Tall Plants: 1 Short
Probabilities:Being Tall: 3 out of 4
Being Short: 1 out of 4
Cross: Tt X Tt
T t
T
t
T T T t
T t t t
Circulatory System
Major Structures
heart, blood
vessels, blood,
lymph
Functions
transports
nutrients, wastes,
hormones, and
gases
Digestive System
Major Structures
mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach,liver, pancreas, small and large intestines
Functions
extracts and absorbs nutrients from food;
Immune System
Major Structures
white blood cells, lymph
nodes and vessels, skin
Functions
defends against
pathogens and diseases
Stuff that makes you
Sick!!!
Integumentary System
Major Structures
skin, nails, hair
Functions
protects against injury,
infection, and fluid loss;
helps regulate body
temperature
Muscular System
Major Structures
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues
Functions
moves limbs and trunk; moves substancesthrough body; provides structure and support
Nervous System
Major Structures
brain, spinal cord,
Functions
Regulates behavior;
maintains homeostasis;
Respiratory System
Major Structures
lungs, nose, mouth,
trachea
Functions
moves air into and out of
lungs; controls gas
exchange between blood
and lungs
Skeletal System
Major Structures
bones and joints
Functions
protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Endocrine System
Major Structures
hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, pineal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries
Functions
regulates bodytemperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems
Taxonomy:
Classifying and Organizing
Eight Levels
1. Domain - Broadest level DID
2. KINGDOM - KING
3. PHYLUM - PHILLIP
4. CLASS - COME
5. ORDER - OVER
6. FAMILY - FOR
7. GENERA - GOOD
8. SPECIES - most specific SPAGETTI
- Species can interbreed and produce
offspring
Classifications
There are only 2 Domains:Prokayota - All Bacteria
Eurkaryota - Everything Else
There are 6 KingdomsArchaebacteria & Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Membranes
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Protists:
Uni/Multicellular
Autotro/Heterotrophs
Membrane-bound
organelles
Prokaryotes:
Bacteria
Cell Wall
Unicellular Only
Auto/heterotrophs
Eukaryotes
Cell Wall
Autotrophs
Membrane-
Bound
Organelles
Eurkaryotes
Heterotrophs
Membrane-
Bound
organelles
Eukaryotes
Cell Wall
Heterotrophs
Membrane-bound
Organelles
Multi/Unicellular
DNA/
RNA
•I can not
reproduce
on my own
•I’m Non-living
•I’m just a
Little “Robot”
•I cause HIV,
Influenza,
Small Pox
Bacteria vs. Viruses:
Living vs. Non-Living
•I can reproduce
though Binary
Fission
•I’m Alive
•I have all this
Cool cell stuff
Inside!!
•I cause strep,
Staph, E. coli,
Diptheria…Yuck!
Killer T-cells (really big
White blood cells) are
Our arch-enemies!!
Virus…”How it’s All Done”
Attaches Injects Viral
DNA
Forces cell to
build virus parts
Oooh..it’s crowded in here!!
Virus explode
Out of cell
Evolution:
Change over Time
Fossil
Preserved or
mineralized remains or
imprint of organism that
lived long ago
How do we know evolution has occurred?
Homologous Structures
Structural features with a common evolutionary origin
Vestigial Structures
Body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.
Natural Selection:
Decent with Modification
Natural Selection
Organisms best adapted to
their environment will survive,
reproduce and pass on their
“super genes”!!
Ex. A strange mutation
occurs which makes a moth
white…well it snows. Who
survives best the white moth
or the black moth!!
Adaptations
Mimicry
A structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species
Copying…to stay alive!!
Camouflage
Adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings
Animals INCOGNITO!!
Adaptations:
Those Pesky Bacteria Again
Bacteria have this funny way of repelling all of our modern antibiotics and antibacterial chemicals
Because they reproduce so rapidly new mutations occur often
These new mutations often lead to RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS OR ANTIBACTERIALS!!!
Extinctions: Organisms go Bye-Bye!
Extinction
One species goes BYE BYE!!
Mass Extinction
Many species go BYE BYE!!
Energy Transfer
ProducersAutotrophs
Gather energy from the sun (Photosynthesis)
Have the most energy!!
ConsumersHeterotrophs
Have to consume (eat) other organisms in order to survive
Energy Pyramid
Tertiary Consumer
.1% Energy
Smallest Biomass
Secondary Consumer
1% Energy
Even Smaller Biomass
Primary Consumer
10% Energy
Smaller Biomass
Producers
100% Energy
Large Biomass
Living or Not
Biotic
Living
Fungus
Abiotic
Not Living
Virus
Ecosystems
Organism
• An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops
Ecosystem
Population
A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
Ecosystem
Habitat is the place a
plant or animal lives
It’s home!!
Niche is an organism’s
total way of life
Kinda…like its day job!!
Symbiosis
Interactions between species can become
so intimate that one or both become
dependent on the otherPARASTISM
COMMENSALISM
MUTALISM
Commensalism
One species
benefits while the
other is unaffected
Ex. Epiphytes are
plants that grow on
trees. They do not
harm or help the
trees that live on.
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Ex. Insects and birds often eat the nectar made by flowers and while doing so they will get pollen attached to their feet. When they fly away they spread the pollen onto nearby flowers which aides in the reproduction of the plant.
Leaves
Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food
Stomata: pores within
the leaf that open to let
CO2 in and O2 out.
Guard cells open and
close.
Cuticle: waxy covering
on leaf that prevents
water loss