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8/2/2019 Part_1 Biology EOC Review
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8/2/2019 Part_1 Biology EOC Review
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BIOMOLECULES
Building
Block
Uses Examples Test
Carbohydrate
Simplesugars
Ready source ofenergy
GlucoseGlycogenCelluloseStarch
STARCH turnspurple in iodine
SUGARS reactwith Benedicts
Solution
Protein Amino acids Transport Speed up
reactions Immunity Cell
communication
Enzymes (-ase)HemoglobinAntibodiesProteinhormones(insulin)
Reacts withBiuret Solution
Lipid Fatty Acids Back up energysource
In membrane
Fats, oils Leaves oily spoton brown paperbag
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Store and transmitgenetic info
DNA, RNA DNA stains(methylene blue)
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CELLS
P R O K A R Y O T I C
Prokaryotic cells have DNAand ribosomes, but theyhave no internal membranes!(They don't have a nucleus)
They have ribosomes tomake proteins
These are the simplest cellsExamples are bacteria, likethose that cause strepthroat.
E U K A R Y O T I C
Eukaryotic cells have their DNAsurrounded by a membrane. (They have
a nucleus). Two examples shown are plant cells and
animal cells, but fungi and protists arealso eukaryotic
Notice, plants have chloroplasts (forphotosynthesis) and cell walls made ofcellulose. Animal cells don't have theseparts. Also, plant cells have a largervacuole for storage.
Both plants and animals havemitochondria to make ATP.
All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes tomake protein
These cells are more complex thanprokaryotic cells.
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CELL MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane surroundsEVERY cell.
It is made of lipid and protein
It controls what goes in and out of acell.
Associated with HOMEOSTASIS
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CELL TRANSPORT
Diffusion
Movement from highto low concentration
No energy required
Osmosis
Movement of waterfrom high to low
WATERconcentration across
a membrane
No energy required
ActiveTransport
Movement fromLOW concentration
to HIGH
concentration
USES ATP
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
C O N V E R T S S U N L I G H TT O C H E M I C A L E N E R G Y
C O N V E R T S E N E R G Y I NF O O D ( G L U C O S E ) T O
A T P
Cellular Respiration
Takes place inmitochondrion
Releases the energystored in glucose
AKA aerobicrespiration (NEEDSoxygen)
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AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
A E R O B I C R E S P I R A T I O N
Requires oxygen
Makes A LOT ofATP
Produces carbondioxide andwater
Happens in
mitochondrion
A N A E R O B I CR E S P I R A T I O N
Does not use oxygen
Makes only 2 ATP Small amount of ATP
Also called fermentation YEASTS make ethyl alcohol
BACTERIA and MUSCLECELLS (w/oO2) make LACTIC ACID
Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol)
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ATP CYCLE
CLICK THE ICON FORSOUND
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ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A S E X U A LR E P R O D U C T I O N
Creates identicalcopies (clones)
Only involvesMITOSIS
ONE parentinvolved
Common inbacteria and
unicellular protists
S E X U A LR E P R O D U C T I O N
Adds genetic variationInvolves meiosis andfertilization
TWO parents involved
Diploid and haploidcells
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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
M I T O S I S
One division
2n 2n (same number of chromosomes)
Results in 2 genetically identicalcells
M E I O S I S
Two divisions2n n
Half the number of chromosomes
Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploidcells
Forms gametes (egg and sperm)
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DNA
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of fourbases
In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
DNAs shape is a double helix
The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds
A binds to T
C binds with G
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DNA REPLICATION Process of DNA copying itself
Steps DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)
Each side acts as a template
New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules
Two new molecules of DNA result each with one old and one newstrand.
Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus
Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a protein
In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order tomake the protein on the ribosome.
DNAmRNAprotein
Made of amino acids
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA
DNA is in nucleus
GENES (made of DNA) hold code for protein
RNA
mRNA is made in nucleus TRANSCRIPTION
Remember base pairing rules
PROTEIN
mRNA goes to ribosome 3 bases on mRNA is a codon each codon codes for one amino acid tRNA brings the right amino acid to the mRNA Anticodon on tRNA base pairs with codon on mRNA
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1. DNA
2. mRNA3. Nucleus
4. Cytoplasm
5. Ribosome
6. Codon
7. Anticodon
8. tRNA
9. Amino acid
10. Protein
(polypeptide)
CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE PARTS?
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Be sure to usemRNA
You wont have
to memorize
this! What amino
acid is codedfor by the DNA
ATA GAG
READING THE CODON CHART
First convert DNA to mRNAATA GAGUAU CUC
UAU = tyrCUC = Leu
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We have two genes for each trait this is our GENOTYPE
One gene came from mom, onefrom dad
If the genes are alike, theindividual is homozygous (RR,rr)
If the genes are different , theyare heterozygous (Rr)
Some genes are dominant andothers are recessive
We only show a recessive trait ifwe have no dominant gene
RR and Rr wouldlook dominant
rr would look
recessive
This diagram shows the crossbetween 2 heterozygous purple
flowersCross is: Bb x Bb
Notice that 75% are purple and25% white
GENETICS
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Females are XX
Males are XYSex-linked traits areon X chromosome
Trait is more
common in MALESExamples arecolorblindness andhemophilia (bloodfails to clot)
SEX LINKAGE
Males give X chromosomes totheir daughters and Ys to their
sons
Moms give Xs to bothdaughters and sons
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Four bloodtypes
A, B, AB, O
Three different
alleles: A, B orneither
A = AA or AO
B = BB or BO
AB = AB
O = OO
CODOMINANCE BLOOD TYPE
Agglutinogen= protein
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PEDIGREES
Tracing traits throughgenerations
Males are squares
Females are circles
Horizontal line meansmarried
Vertical line means children
Filled in circle means theindividual HAS thecondition
Can you identify thegenotypes of individuals 4,
7, 12? 4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have onee)12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)
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In humans, 22 pair ofautosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes XX = female
XY = male
Extra chromosomes a resultof non-disjunction
Chromosome pairs fail to separate in
meiosis One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra
21) Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)
XY = male
3 21s =
DownSyndrome
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GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
T R A N S G E N I CO R G A N I S M S
Organisms thathave 2 differentkinds of DNA
Gene cloning
Uses bacteria tomake humanproteins like insulin
D N A F I N G E R P R I N T I N G
Use gelelectrophoresis tocompare DNAfragments
IF DNA matches,its from the same
individual
Evidence
points tosuspect 2
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EVOLUTION CHANGE OVER TIME
E V I D E N C E
Fossil evidence Fossils found in
sedimentary rock Lower level fossils are
older and more PRIMITIVE We can compare fossils to
modern organisms Similar structure suggests
common ancestor
Biochemicalevidence
DNA and protein
similarities suggestcommon ancestor
N A T U R A L S E L E C T I O N
Credited to CharlesDarwin Organisms in populations
have variations that can bepassed from generation togeneration
More organisms born thatenvironment can support Organisms compete for
resources Those organisms with
favorable variations havemore babies and the
population evolves