BIOACCUMULATION & BIOMAGNIFICATIONS

GROUP MEMBER:

NUR ATIKAH AMIRA BINTI RANI

NOR HAFIZAH BINTI AZHAR

NURUL NADIAH BINTI AB TALIB

NOOR ASMAWATI BINTI DONIA

NORMASHIEZATI FARISYA BINTI ABD RAZAK

AINA SYAHIRAH BINTI ALI BADERUDIN

INTRODUCTIONWHAT IS BIOACCUMULATION ?

•accumulation of substances such as pesticides (DDT), methyl mercury or other organic chemicals in the environment, before they are taken in by the first organism in a food web.

WHAT IS BIOMAGNIFICATIONS?

•The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one organism to the next

BIOACCUMULATION VS BIOMAGNIFICATIONS

• Bioaccumulation is increasing the concentration of a substance in one organism whereas biomagnification is increasing the level as you go up in a food chain.

•Bioaccumulation occurs within a tropic level and biomagnification occurs between tropic levels.

LITERATURE REVIEWPROCESS OF BIOACCUMULATION

PROCESS OF BIOMAGNIFICATIONS

BIOACCUMULATION VS BIOMAGNIFICATIONS (COMPARISON)

PROBLEM TO BE ADDRESSEDDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) case study

•DDT is used by people in second half world war 2 to control the Malaria.

•But, after the war, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an insecticide used in agriculture.

•The United States banned the use of DDT in 1972, but some countries still use the chemical.

•DDT has also been used in the past for the treatment of lice. It is still in use outside the United States for the control of mosquitoes that spread malaria.

•DDT and its related chemicals persist for a long time in the environment and in animal tissues.

How People Are Exposed to DDT

•People are most likely to be exposed to DDT from foods, including meat, fish, and dairy products.

•DDT can be absorbed by eating, breathing, or touching products contaminated with DDT.

•DDT are stored in the body’s fatty tissues. In pregnant women, DDT can be passed to the foetus.

•The chemical is found in breast milk, resulting in exposure tothe babies.

How DDT Affects People and Animal Health

•Following exposure to high doses, human symptoms can include vomiting, tremors or shakiness, and seizures.

•Laboratory animal studies showed effects on the liver and reproduction.

•DDT is considered a possible human carcinogen.

• DDT can caused cancer in animals but never found in human yet.

The DDT ban

• When DDT was banned in the wealthy countries of the world because of its effects on birds and accumulation in mother’s milk, these countries began making stop of DDT.

DISCUSSION

Why DDT was ban?

•DDT was banned because it was discovered that it was a carcinogen and caused bio amplification (bio magnification)

•For example, the grass that the cows eat is sprayed with DDT and the cow eats it. Then the cow's milk is infected with DDT.

•The people drink the milk and get DDT in their system and as the DDT moves up the food chain, it gets increasingly concentrated and more dangerous.

•It accumulates in the adipose cells of the organism.

EFFECT IF DDT DID NOT BANNED

•DDT is slightly to moderately toxic to birds when eaten. Decrease the reproductive rate of bird by causing eggshell thinning and embryo death.

•DDT is highly toxic to aquatic animal. DDT affects various system in aquatic animal including the heart and brain.

•DDT is highly toxic to fish.

Fish have poor ability to detect DDT in water.

•DDT moderately toxic amphibians light frog, toads and salamander. Immature amphibians are most sensitive to the effect of DDT than adults.

EFFECT IF DDT WAS BANNED

•Increasing amount of malaria which also can cause disease to human.

•Can avoid bird from being endangered species.

•Aquatic are not exposed to DDT.

•The harmful consequences of spread that had been used in quantity of DDT in the natural environment may not be predictable with our knowledge

• well planned monitoring for possible harmful effects of chemicals will remain essential for the future

•even where benefits environmental damage had been observed such as elimination of disease. It may be sufficient to justify uses of a chemical.

CONCLUSION